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Bird Poop May Help Stop The Next Flu Pandemic. Here’s How  NDTV
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Charles Shyer, the acclaimed screenwriter and director famed for iconic comedies such as ‘Private Benjamin’ and ‘Father of the Bride’, has died at the age of 83, as confirmed by his family through Deadline. The cause of death remains undisclosed.
The Meyers-Shyer family released a heartfelt statement expressing their sorrow, mentioning the irreplaceable void left by Shyer’s passing but emphasizing the enduring legacy he leaves through his work and children. Known for his sharp wit and ability to direct warm and humorous stories, Shyer’s contributions to Hollywood spanned over fifty years.
His illustrious career included an Oscar nomination for ‘Private Benjamin’ in 1981, a milestone that marked the beginning of a successful partnership with Nancy Meyers. Together, they crafted beloved films throughout the 80s and 90s, including ‘Baby Boom’ and the ever-popular ‘Father of the Bride’ series.
After their marriage in 1990 and subsequent divorce in 1999, Shyer ventured into solo projects such as ‘The Affair of the Necklace’ and a remake of ‘Alfie’. His recent works include the Netflix film ‘The Noel Diary’ and ‘Best Christmas Ever!’. Shyer is survived by his four children, including filmmaker Hallie Meyers-Shyer.
(With inputs from agencies.)
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The Solar New Year, rooted in astronomical events like solstices and equinoxes, marks seasonal transitions and the Sun’s journey through the zodiac. Unlike the Gregorian New Year, this celebration is closely tied to nature’s rhythms, making it a unique reflection of humanity’s connection to the cosmos.
What is the Solar New Year?
The Solar New Year is based on the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, aligning with key celestial moments such as the spring equinox or winter solstice. These events signify shifts in seasons, influencing agriculture, culture, and tradition. For example, in South and Southeast Asia, the Sun’s transition into the Aries constellation, around April 14, heralds the Solar New Year, uniting many communities in vibrant festivities.
Popular Solar New Year Celebrations
A universal message of unity
The Solar New Year celebrates humanity’s shared bond with nature. Whether through Nowruz’s Haft-Seen or Vaisakhi’s vibrant dances, it fosters gratitude, unity, and hope for brighter days.
#SolarNewYear #SeasonalCelebrations #UnityInDiversity #TraditionsOfTheSun

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Column | Carolyn Hax: Friend gets angry if people forget her mom’s death anniversary  The Washington Post
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A 2-mile stretch surrounding two culverts in Caribou saw at least 127 collisions between 2003-23, according to the Maine DOT.
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A concrete culvert running beneath Route 164 in Caribou will be upgraded using funds from a federal grant intended to help reduce car vs. wildlife collisions. Photo courtesy of Maine Department of Transportation
A $9.3 million federal grant secured by the state of Maine could be key to reducing collisions along a specific stretch of road in Caribou long known to be the site of crashes and near-misses between cars and animals.
Caribou City Manager Penny Thompson said local people know to slow down along a certain stretch of Routes 1 and 164, known locally as Main Street, especially after dark.
“I almost hit a deer” is a common refrain among Caribou drivers, she said.
“If you live here, you kind of know where the bad areas are for animals,” Thompson said on a Thursday phone call. “We’re watching for that. We tell our kids, ‘Be careful, there’s that place where there’s always deer.’”

After her shift at City Hall, Thompson said, she occasionally drives south to Presque Isle to pick up late-night groceries. But there have been times she put off the errand to avoid driving on the dark, wildlife-heavy roads.
Those stretches of road are home to a high number of deer and moose collisions, according to the Maine Department of Transportation. In a 2003-2023 study of the area, a 2-mile stretch surrounding the culverts saw at least 127 collisions, with the majority taking place on Route 1.

But such crashes are believed to be underreported nationally, and local game wardens estimate that there are at least a dozen wildlife collisions per year at the Route 164 crossing, according to the grant application.
A warning sign on a stretch of Routes 1 and 164, known locally as Main Street, in Caribou indicates an area where car vs. animal collisions are an ongoing problem. Photo courtesy of Penny Thompson
State officials hope the grant will not only reduce collisions but also help conserve a threatened species of trout that lives in Prestile Brook.
“When you build a structure that’s big enough for a moose to go through it, there’s a lot of other species that benefit,” Justin Schlawin, program coordinator of the wildlife department’s Beginning with Habitat program, said Thursday.
That money, plus $2.3 million paid by the department, will go toward replacing the culverts under Routes 1 and 164, which each cross the brook about a half a mile from each other.
The existing culverts are old and narrow, leaving them vulnerable to potential failure and unable to provide appropriate water flow, the department said in its application.
The brook flows into the Aroostook River, but the existing culverts are perched, meaning they sit above the surface of the water, making it difficult or impossible for fish to swim upstream.

“The fish that are in Prestile Brook are not really connected down to the Aroostook River,” Schlawin said.
In his letter of support, Schlawin noted that the stream is home to a local brook trout population, which is among the highest conservation priority species in the Maine Wildlife Action Plan.
Expanding the culvert should also improve drainage during periods of heavy precipitation, which have historically left that stretch of Route 164 flooded.
“When they’re (culverts) too small, they can get easily overwhelmed in flood events,” said Nick Lund, advocacy and outreach manager at Maine Audubon. “That’s when you get roads washing out, and that’s where you get culverts failing.”
A metal culvert running beneath Route 1 in Caribou will be enlarged and upgraded using funds from a federal grant intended to reduce car vs. animal collisions. Photo courtesy of Maine Department of Transportation
On Route 164, the existing culvert will be replaced with a pre-cast concrete arch, measuring roughly 30 feet wide, 17 feet tall and 96 feet long according to the application. That concrete tunnel will include a “simulated natural stream” and a raised shelf large enough to support moose and deer.
The precise plan for Route 1 is still in development, with design slated to kick off in May 2026, the department said.

Both crossings are expected to take about a year to build, with the Route 164 project concluding in early 2027 and the Route 1 build concluding in late 2029, the department said.
Lund said it’s important to make wildlife crossings appear as natural as possible: “Make it seem to wildlife and the fish that the stream is not interrupted by human interference.”
That makes it more likely to be used by wildlife, he said. But Lund said it “doesn’t take much” to convince wildlife to travel at well-planned crossings.
“Streams are natural corridors for wildlife,” he said. “Plus, animals know that roads are not safe. … Once it’s found that there’s a crossing, wildlife will use it. You don’t really need to encourage them at all.”
Maine is already home to a number of wildlife crossings, but the Caribou project is bigger than most, said Eric Ham, senior environmental manager at the DOT.
Ham said the size of a crossing is largely determined by the specific site’s features. Both Routes 1 and 164 are relatively high above the stream, giving these crossings extra room for a larger arch.

Crossings that are wider than the natural stream allow for more gradual shorelines with room for vegetation, making them more attractive to wildlife, Lund said.
Deer accounted for the vast majority of animal crashes in Maine between 2018 and 2022, according to a five-year study by the Department of Transportation. Maine saw nearly 30,000 such collisions in that time, with more than 6,600 deer crashes in 2022 alone.
Though Aroostook County, where the project is located, saw deer crashes roughly in line with the rest of the state, it saw the highest number of moose crashes among the counties, with 575 reported over that period.
The average cost of repairs after hitting a deer is $1,840, and moose collisions average about $4,000, according to estimates by AAA. Usually, the animal that is struck dies during or shortly after the crash, the agency said.
Maine was one of 16 recipients — 15 states and the Pueblo of Santa Ana tribe — selected for this round of federal funding, the second in the Wildlife Crossings Pilot Program, the national Department of Transportation said in a written statement. The pilot was created as part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and makes $350 million available through fiscal year 2026.
The projects are intended to “reduce collisions between drivers and wildlife, create places for wildlife to safely move over and under highways, and help preserve American life and property,” Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said in a written statement.

City Manager Thompson said the project is larger than anything Caribou could pull off on its own and thanked the state transportation department for its help securing the money and partnership on the planning and construction.
“A lot of times, when you live in Aroostook County, you kind of feel forgotten, our challenges,” Thompson said. “But we do feel that there are several state agencies that do work hard to make sure that rural Maine is also still considered an important investment.”
While Thompson is confident the new crossings will help improve driver and wildlife safety, she said their impacts may be hard to notice.
“I think the proof will be if there’s a reduction in the accidents,” she said. “But also a reduction in the police letting us know that there’s a lot of animals traveling in that area, or our loved ones — seeing them at the end of a long day and them saying ‘Oh my gosh, I almost hit a deer.’”
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Christmas movies
Few people consider any of the unending adaptations of Charles Dickens' “A Christmas Carol” as their favorite holiday movie. It seems that everyone has adapted this Dickens' book into a movie, a stage production or into another genre.
For instance, Richard Neer, a radio sports personality, has been broadcasting his 20-minute version of this world-famous novella on Dec. 25 for many years
Among the few lists of the best Christmas movies I had seen, only one highlighted the 1951 version of “A Christmas Carol” as a favorite. Maybe this was due to the multitude of films and stage adaptations of Dickens' book, leading us to overlook “A Christmas Carol” as a classic movie favorite.
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Last year, after seeing the 2022 movie “The Man Who Invented Christmas,” my 2023 holiday column became, “Did Charles Dickens Save Christmas?” I began searching for this year’s theme.
Then, recently, the chair of The New Canaan Cinema Club recalled reading my 2023 column and invited me to speak about “The Man Who Invented Christmas” movie and my essay. I did a presentation on the topic several weeks ago that inspired the idea for this column.
I began searching for lists of Christmas movies people considered the best. I was overwhelmed as to how many there were. On these lists I found many excellent films I enjoyed, some of which I watched more than once. However, there were three popular movies that have, for me, become a “must-see” holiday ritual.
The big three were “Christmas in Connecticut,” “A Christmas Story,” and “It’s a Wonderful Life.” A person’s age has much to do with what they might list as a favorite. A younger crowd might rate “Elf” at the top of their list. One of my grandchildren thinks it’s the best.
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So, why is “Christmas in Connecticut” one of the three on my favorite list? Years ago, my wife and I invited my mother-in-law’s childhood friend to spend Christmas with us. I was surprised when she said, “For years I’ve imagined myself spending a Christmas in Connecticut.” She referenced the 1945 movie by that name. It was as if her being with us on Dec. 25 was a lifetime dream realized. I have never forgotten the joy she seemed to have by being in Connecticut on a day she considered sacred.
A second reason I’ve seen “Christmas in Connecticut” so many times is that it is tagged as a screwball romantic comedy. As a movie buff, I am a fan of the genre. Big in the 1930s and 1940s, they were known for their farcical situations, clever and quick-paced repartees, and romantic misadventures, usually with a strong woman trying to get a man to fall in love with her. 
Screwball comedies made people laugh. I still laugh every time I see “Christmas in Connecticut.”
Another favorite is “A Christmas Story” (1983). I relate to Ralphie, the film’s protagonist, a bullied 9-year-old. When I was in my early teens, I experienced a form of bullying from a boy named Mario. He would continually call me “Fat Pig,” even though I wasn't heavy at all.
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Hearing his words, “Fat Pig,” pained me so much that sometimes I wished him dead. As much as I wanted to get back at him, I lacked the courage to confront him, unlike Ralphie, who eventually stood up to the bully, Scut Farkus, and punched him out.
Moreover, this movie's narrator, Jean Shepherd, was a captivating storyteller, which made it particularly special. While my classmates were busy playing music from the era, I was listening to Shepherd’s tales on the radio. He shared stories about growing up in the Midwest. Sometimes, I imagined myself one day writing about my life in Spanish Harlem.
Finally, among my three Christmas favorites is “It's a Wonderful Life.” It appeared on every favorite Christmas movie list I found, often at the top.  
"It's a Wonderful Life" is a heartwarming story of redemption. I have seen it countless times. Some critics have claimed this movie is unrealistic. They argue that no successful business banker would have acted as the character George Bailey did.
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George’s decisions were supposedly based on moral obligations rather than sound business planning. While the latter point may be true, in many films, viewers are often asked to suspend reality because of the point the movie is trying to make.
So, why do certain books, songs, or movies become cherished favorites within a specific genre? My sense is that this could be due to the quality of the work itself, how it resonates with our past experiences or the emotions that fill us with warmth and love.
I believe my three Christmas movie choices reflect the touchstones people often use, sometimes subconsciously, for embracing their favorite Christmas films.
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Juan A. Negroni, a former international business executive and Weston resident, is a consultant, bilingual speaker/facilitator, and writer. His column appears monthly in Hearst Connecticut Media. Email him at juannegroni12@gmail.com
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US-based Venture Global has exported its first cargo of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from its Plaquemines LNG plant, News.az reports citing Neftegaz.RU.
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News.Az is an Azerbaijani informational-analytical news portal that publishes a wide range of content, including analytical materials, in-depth articles, insightful commentaries, and the latest news.
© 2009-2024 NEWS.AZ | Any use of materials is allowed only if there is a hyperlink to News.Az. All rights are reserved.

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When 2025 rings in on Jan. 1, three new laws will take effect in Indiana.
Indiana has eased restrictions on children working.
Most notably, all restrictions on the number of hours or the times a 16- or 17-year-old may work have been removed. Beginning at age 16, teens can work any shift an adult can work, with or without adult supervision.
Children who are 14 or 15 years old still will have a limit on the number of hours they can work on a school night, but more exemptions are laid out for younger teens who don’t have to meet those restrictions.
Children 14 or 15 years old will still be allowed to work a maximum of three hours a day on a school day, eight hours on a non-school day, 18 hours per week during the school year and 40 hours per week in the summer. They may not start work before 7 a.m. or work past 7 p.m. during the school year or 9 p.m. in the summer.
Indiana law remains in keeping with federal law prohibiting most forms of employment for children under 14 years of age. Similarly, federal law still prohibits assigning minors certain hazardous jobs, including an additional list of jobs deemed unsafe for 14- and 15-year-olds.
Employers will no longer be fined for violations in working hours or proper shifts that involve increments of 10 minutes or less. Indiana may provide employers with an initial warning and modest fines for further violations, though federal inspectors may still impose harsher penalties.
Work will not be allowed to start on a dig or excavation project until two full business days after notifying utilities to ask for the location of any underground lines to be marked. No digging will be allowed to begin before 7 a.m. in Indianapolis. (That means projects in the northwest and southwest corners of the state will be measured not in their local time zone.)
In addition to a new minimum time frame between when notice is given and the project starts, there is a new maximum time frame, as well. If a project has not begun 10 calendar days from the date of notice, a new request must be made and the process restarted.
The law will also now require any excavator to stay at least two feet away in every direction from the location marked for utility lines.
Finally, the law will require utilities to provide a response on all tickets requesting line markings within two business days of the request, and anyone excavating will be required to acknowledge having received the positive responses from any utilities before beginning work.
Tickets and responses are available for searching at Indiana811.org.
Indiana’s flat income tax rate will drop from 3.05% for all taxpayers to 3% even.

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Grab the Popcorn: Here Are the 11 Most Anticipated Movies of 2025  Cosmopolitan UK
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Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 31270 (2024) Cite this article
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Eczema is a common chronic skin condition. Previous studies indicated the dietary factors, such as calcium intake, might influence the onset and progression of eczema in the population of gravidas and infants. However, there was no studies on the correlation between dietary calcium and the adult population. In this study, we aim to investigate the correlation between dietary calcium intake and the prevalence of eczema in adults. The characteristics of adults (≥ 18 years) were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 database. Dietary calcium intake was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall method. The prevalence of eczema was determined through an allergy questionnaire. Logistic regression modeling was applied to analyze the correlation between dietary calcium intake and eczema prevalence. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to investigate the nonlinear relationship between calcium intake and eczema. A two-stage linear regression model was used to calculate the critical effect of calcium intake on the prevalence of eczema by smoothed curve fitting. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the effect of different demographic characteristics on the relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema. Results In this cross-sectional study, we collected 4086 adult samples. There were 1930 males (46.9%) and 2156 females (53.1%), at the average age of 46.7 years, and 266 participants (7.6%) were diagnosed with eczema. Logistic regression results showed there was a significant difference between the third quartile group and eczema compared to the 1st quartile group of dietary calcium (OR: 1.913, 95% CI: 1.024–3.576, P = 0.043). The RCS showed an inverted U-shaped correlation between dietary calcium intake and eczema prevalence (non-linear P-value < 0.05). An increase in calcium intake was associated with an increase in eczema prevalence when the logarithmic value of dietary calcium intake was below 7.089 (OR: 1.790, 95% CI: 1.006–3.183, P = 0.048). These data indicated there was an inverted U-shaped correlation between dietary calcium intake and the prevalence of eczema, which suggested moderate reduction of calcium intake might be beneficial in the incidence of eczema. Further prospective studies are needed to explore causal relationships and optimal calcium intake levels to prevent eczema.
Eczema is a common chronic, recurrent skin disease primarily characterized by severe itching and dry skin. According to the statistics, approximately 20% of children and 10% of adults worldwide suffer from eczema, with the incidence rate showing an increasing trend^1,2. This condition significantly impacts patients’ quality of life and mental health. The etiology and pathogenesis of eczema are complex, involving multiple factors such as genetics, immunity, environment, and psychology³. Current research suggests that eczema is associated with impaired skin barrier function, abnormal immune responses, microbial infections, and environmental factors (e.g., allergens and pollutants)^4,5. However, the exact cause of eczema remains unclear, necessitating further research to elucidate its pathological mechanisms.
Recent studies indicated that dietary factors not only affect overall health but might also influence skin health through various pathways. For instance, certain nutrients in the diet, such as folic acid, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, were believed to be associated with the occurrence and development of eczema^6,7,8,9,10. Calcium is an essential mineral for the human body, involved in various physiological functions, including the formation of bones and teeth, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Beyond these known functions, calcium also plays a crucial role in maintaining skin barrier function and the differentiation of keratinocytes¹¹. Additionally, calcium is a significant component of the extracellular matrix, and its deficiency can affect epidermal cell differentiation and renewal, leading to a thinner stratum corneum and rough skin¹². Studies have shown that calcium deficiency may impair skin barrier function, resulting in symptoms such as rashes, eczema, urticaria, and folliculitis^13,14.
Recent research indicated that reduced intake of dietary calcium or consumption of calcium-rich foods (such as legumes and dairy products) was associated with an increased prevalence of eczema^10,14,15. However, some studies suggested that decreased expression of calcium or calcium-related proteins might enhance skin anti-allergic properties, reducing the incidence of eczema^16,17,18,19. Given that previous research primarily focused on pregnant women or children and produced inconsistent findings on the association between calcium intake and eczema, the relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema in adults remained inadequately explored. Therefore, this study aimed to further investigate the association between dietary calcium intake and eczema using data from NHANES 2005–2006.
The data for this study were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006, a nationally representative health and nutrition survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)²⁰. This study employed a cross-sectional design, adhering strictly to the guidelines of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. The study included adult individuals (≥ 18 years) who participated in the NHANES survey during 2005–2006, excluding those with missing sample weights and questionnaires (Fig. 1). All participants provided written informed consent, and the data collection and usage were approved by the Research Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics.
Flow chart of the study design.
Dietary data in this study were collected using the 24-hour dietary recall method. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with participants using standardized interview procedures to record all food and beverage intake in the past 24 h. The interview process employed the multiple-pass method, which included quick recall, detailed inquiry, and review and confirmation to ensure data comprehensiveness and accuracy. The dietary analysis system of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was used to convert the reported food and beverage intake into nutrient data, specifically calculating the daily calcium intake (in mg), which included calcium from all foods, beverages, and supplements^21,22. Participants underwent a second 24-hour dietary recall interview by phone 3 to 10 days later. The average calcium intake from the two 24-hour dietary recalls was used in this study. Additionally, this study collected data on the intake of other key nutrients, including carbohydrates, protein, and total energy.
The prevalence of eczema among participants was collected using an allergy questionnaire. Participants were asked the following question, “Has a doctor or other healthcare professional ever told you that you had eczema? (Yes/No)”. If the answer was yes, they were categorized as having eczema. This definition is consistent with previous NHANES survey results^9,17,23.
To adjust for potential confounding factors in the multivariable models, this study collected basic demographic information including gender, age, race, marital status, education level, height, and weight. Laboratory tests included measurements of vitamin D3, serum IgE, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and red blood cells. Health status variables included physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, asthma, and diabetes. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m). Physical activity was assessed based on metabolic equivalent (MET) values and categorized as poor (< 600 MET minutes/week), ideal (≥ 8000 MET minutes/week), and moderate (600–7999 MET minutes/week)²⁴. Smoking status was defined by the quantity and duration of lifetime smoking and categorized as never, former, and current smokers²⁵. Alcohol consumption was defined based on the amount of daily drinking throughout the year and categorized as never, former, mild, moderate, or heavy drinker²⁶. Asthma status was determined if participants answered affirmatively to having been diagnosed with asthma by a doctor or currently having asthma²⁷. Diabetes status was defined based on self-report, current use of antidiabetic medications, or fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels exceeding normal values²⁶.
Statistical analyses were conducted using R software (version 4.3.1), with all analyses weighted using the “survey” package to account for the complex sampling design of NHANES^28,29. Initially, the sample was divided into quartiles based on dietary calcium intake, and baseline characteristics were compared across these groups. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and weighted percentages, and group comparisons were made using the Rao-Scott chi-square test. Continuous variables were expressed as weighted means and standard deviations, and group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). To further investigate whether there is a significant difference between dietary calcium intake in the study population and the optimal intake level recommended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a one-sample T-test was conducted. Subsequently, logistic regression models were applied to analyze the association between dietary calcium intake and the prevalence of eczema, adjusting for potential confounders. A 10-fold cross-validation was also used to assess whether the models were overfitted. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to investigate any potential nonlinear relationship between calcium intake and eczema. If a nonlinear relationship was identified, piecewise linear regression models were employed to calculate the threshold effect of calcium intake on eczema prevalence through smooth curve fitting. Finally, subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the influence of different demographic characteristics (such as gender and race) on the relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema. In all analyses, a two-sided P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
This study included 4,086 eligible adult participants, comprising 1,930 males (46.9%) and 2,156 females (53.1%), with an average age of 46.7 years. Among them, 266 participants (7.6%) were diagnosed with eczema. Participants were divided into four groups based on the quartiles of dietary calcium intake: Q1 (< 496 mg), Q2 (496 mg to 770 mg), Q3 (770 mg to 1151.5 mg), and Q4 (> 1151.5 mg) (Table 1). Analysis revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the four groups in terms of age, gender, race, education level, vitamin D3, neutrophils, red blood cells, energy, protein, carbohydrate, smoking status, and drinking status. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for BMI, marital status, IgE, C-reactive protein, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, asthma, and eczema. Notably, despite the non-significant P values, a higher distribution of participants with eczema was observed in the Q3 group, with 74 cases (9.4%), compared to the Q1 group, which had the lowest distribution of participants with eczema, with 66 cases (6.1%).
The one-sample T-test indicated a statistically significant difference between dietary calcium intake in various gender and age groups within this study population and the optimal intake levels recommended by the NIH. Among women of all age groups, actual dietary calcium intake was lower than the recommended intake level (P < 0.05). For men aged 25 ~ 65, actual dietary calcium intake was higher than the recommended intake level, while elderly men had a lower intake than recommended (P < 0.05). Additionally, postmenopausal women (50 ~ 65 years) had the highest prevalence of eczema (Table 2).
First, logistic regression analysis examined the association between dietary calcium intake and eczema (Table 3). In the unadjusted model, no significant association was observed between dietary calcium intake and eczema, whether calcium intake was considered a categorical or continuous variable. In Model 1, adjustments were made for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, drinking status, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, asthma, energy intake, protein intake, and carbohydrate intake. The adjusted model indicated that compared to the Q1 group, the Q3 group was associated with an increased prevalence of eczema (OR: 1.890, 95% CI: 1.033–3.458, P = 0.040). Further adjustment for vitamin D3, Ig-E, C-reactive protein, neutrophils, red blood cells, and eosinophils in Model 2 showed a significant association between the Q3 group and eczema (OR: 1.913, 95% CI: 1.024–3.576, P = 0.043). Notably, dietary calcium intake as a continuous variable did not significantly affect eczema in any of the three models. Cross-validation showed that none of the models were overfitted (sTable 1). Additionally, no significant trend P-value was observed, suggesting a potential nonlinear relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema. The Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) curve indicated a U-shaped association between dietary calcium intake and eczema (non-linear P-value < 0.05) (Fig. 2). Using a two-piece linear regression model, a threshold effect was calculated, with the log of dietary calcium intake indicating a breakpoint at 7.089. When the log of dietary calcium intake was less than 7.089, an association between dietary calcium intake and eczema was observed (OR: 1.790, 95% CI: 1.006–3.183, P = 0.048).
Dose-response relationship of dietary calcium intake about eczema. Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, drinking status, smoking status, energy intake, protein intake, diabetes mellitus, asthma, carbohydrate intake, vitamin D3, Ig-E, C-reactive protein, neutrophils, red blood cells, and eosinophils.
The subgroup analysis further explored the relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema risk in different populations (Fig. 3). These analyses indicated a significant association between increased dietary calcium intake and eczema in specific populations, including postmenopausal women (OR: 4.382, 95% CI: 1.596–12.031, P = 0.007), elderly women (OR: 3.934, 95% CI: 1.068–14.489, P = 0.041), Non-Hispanic Whites (OR: 2.449, 95% CI: 1.270–4.724, P = 0.011), individuals without diabetes (OR: 2.142, 95% CI: 1.253–3.663, P = 0.008), individuals with asthma (OR: 2.546, 95% CI: 1.035–6.259, P = 0.043), non-smokers (OR: 2.002, 95% CI: 1.153–3.476, P = 0.017), former drinkers (OR: 4.429, 95% CI: 1.219–16.094, P = 0.027), and light drinkers (OR: 2.964, 95% CI: 1.125–7.805, P = 0.030). Notably, among pregnant women (OR: 0.176, 95% CI: 0.042–0.731, P = 0.030), increased dietary calcium intake was associated with a reduced risk of eczema.
Subgroup analysis of the relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema in the American adult population. Note: log value for dietary calcium intake < 7.089. Adjusted for age, marital status, energy intake, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, vitamin D3, Ig-E, C-reactive protein, neutrophils, red blood cells, and eosinophils.
This study indicates that dietary calcium intake is below the recommended level among American adults. However, calcium intake at the recommended daily intake level may be associated with an increased prevalence of eczema in specific populations. Additionally, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema prevalence. When the logarithmic value of dietary calcium intake is below 7.089, increased calcium intake is associated with a higher prevalence of eczema in populations such as postmenopausal women and elderly women. However, in pregnant women, increased dietary calcium intake is associated with a reduced risk of eczema.
The potential relationship between dietary calcium intake and eczema has been preliminarily explored in some studies. Previous research has mainly focused on specific populations, such as children and pregnant women, finding that calcium intake levels may have an impact on skin health and the immune system. However, due to the limitations of previous study populations, our findings differ from several earlier studies. A study on a Manitoba child cohort indicated that children with eczema had significantly lower calcium intake and consumption during adolescence¹⁴. Another study on children in Hong Kong found that low dietary calcium intake was associated with increased eczema prevalence⁷. In a cohort study on Japanese pregnant women, higher calcium intake during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the risk of eczema¹⁰. A case-control study in Spain found that asthmatic adults had higher calcium intake than the general population, but the difference was not statistically significant³⁰. These studies suggest that calcium intake has a certain impact on skin health and immune regulation, but the consistency of these results across different populations is limited. Moreover, in our study, increased calcium intake was associated with a reduced risk of eczema among pregnant women. However, a study on Japanese pregnant women found that moderate calcium intake was associated with the prevalence of asthma¹⁸. Previous research has also indicated that pregnant women’s immune systems undergo changes to adapt to fetal growth and development³¹. Under these conditions, moderate calcium intake may have a protective role in immune regulation, skin health maintenance, and eczema prevention. Additionally, increased calcium intake may enhance skin barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory capacity in pregnant women, thus reducing the incidence of allergic skin conditions.
Notably, some studies on calcium-related nutrient intake and allergic diseases indirectly support similar findings. A prospective cohort study in Finland indicated that vitamin D supplementation during infancy was associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases (asthma or allergic rhinitis) in adulthood³². A study in the UK on women in late pregnancy found that 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations above 75 nmol/L were associated with an increased risk of allergic diseases in infants³³A study examining the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and eczema prevalence in US adults found an inverted U-shaped relationship between the two, similar to our findings¹⁷Vitamin D and calcium have closely related metabolism and functions, with vitamin D promoting calcium absorption to support bone health and various physiological functions³⁴.
In the pathogenesis of eczema, Th2 (T-helper 2) cells play a dominant role³⁵. Th2 cells produce cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which promote B cells to produce IgE, leading to allergen sensitization. These cytokines also recruit and activate eosinophils, contributing to allergic inflammation, and impair the skin barrier by reducing the production of proteins and lipids necessary for barrier function^36,37. In chronic eczema, Th1 and Th17 cells are also involved. Th1 cells produce IFN-γ, which activates macrophages and sustains inflammation, while Th17 cells produce IL-17, recruiting neutrophils and further contributing to chronic inflammation and barrier dysfunction^38,39. The pathogenesis of eczema is also related to a complex network of cytokines. IL-31 produced by Th2 cells directly induces itch, while IL-22 produced by Th17 cells disrupts skin barrier function by affecting keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation^40,41. Our findings from the NHANES-based study suggest for the first time that increased dietary calcium intake may elevate the risk of eczema. The potential mechanisms could align with recent reports from animal models. Elevated calcium ion levels can affect immune cell function and potentially exacerbate the dysregulation observed in eczema. Calcium ions act as secondary messengers in immune cells, regulating various functions such as T cell activation⁴². Calcium influx is crucial for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, leading to T cell activation and proliferation. Calcium also enhances TCR signaling, which may increase Th2 and Th17 responses^43,44. Additionally, calcium signaling influences cytokine production. Elevated calcium levels can enhance the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by Th2 cells, and IL-17 by Th17 cells, thus exacerbating inflammation⁴⁵. Elevated calcium levels can also disrupt skin barrier function by impairing keratinocyte differentiation. Excessive calcium can alter the differentiation process of keratinocytes, leading to skin barrier dysfunction^16,46. This dysfunction allows more allergens and irritants to penetrate the skin, further triggering immune responses. Thus, reducing calcium intake may help mitigate excessive immune responses in certain populations, potentially lowering eczema prevalence through the mechanisms described above. Our study also indicates that increased calcium intake is significantly associated with higher eczema prevalence in groups such as non-Hispanic Whites and asthma patients. This phenomenon may reflect differences in immune responses, skin structure, or genetic background among these populations, making them more susceptible to the effects of dietary calcium intake changes⁴⁷. Our study also shows that postmenopausal and elderly women exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of eczema with increased dietary calcium intake. This finding may be related to the physiological changes experienced during menopause and aging. As women age, estrogen levels decrease significantly. This reduction in estrogen weakens the skin’s moisture retention and barrier functions, making it more vulnerable to external allergens and irritants⁴⁸. Research indicates that estrogen deficiency may also lead to an enhanced immune response to inflammation, exacerbating allergic reactions⁴⁹. Against this background, increased calcium intake may further activate Th2 and Th17 cells, leading to the onset and exacerbation of eczema.
This study is the first to use representative large-sample data to investigate the association between calcium intake and eczema in an adult population. Our models were adjusted for a wide range of variables and utilized segmented regression to explore nonlinear relationships, providing new insights into the link between calcium and eczema. However, there are some limitations to our study. First, the cross-sectional design of this study does not allow for causal inferences; future prospective studies are needed to explore causal relationships. Second, the information on eczema was obtained through participant recall, which introduces potential recall bias. Third, dietary intake data were based on the 24-hour dietary recall method, and although two assessments were conducted, they still represent single time-point data, which may not fully capture long-term dietary intake patterns. Finally, the NHANES 2005–2006 data used in this study did not provide comprehensive information on calcium intake from supplements, and the collection method for supplements was not fully quantified. This limits our ability to assess the contribution of supplements to total calcium intake, which may influence the interpretation of the association between calcium intake and eczema.
The inverted U-shaped relationship found in this study provides new insights into the link between dietary calcium intake and eczema risk, suggesting that reducing calcium intake in specific populations may help lower the risk of allergic flare-ups. These findings highlight the need to consider the sensitivity of different populations to calcium intake when developing individualized dietary recommendations for the effective prevention and management of allergic diseases such as eczema.
This study is a secondary exploration of the NHANES public database. The data used in the manuscript can be accessed and downloaded from the website https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/default.aspx.
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Thanks to all NHANES researchers, staff, and participants for their contributions to the completion of this analysis.
This research was supported by the Wuxi Science and Technology Plan Project (Y20212016); Research project of Wuxi Health Commission (M202353); Jiangsu University Senior Talent Fund Grant Program (23JDG033).
†Qianjie Wu and Zitao Guo contribute equally to this study.
Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
Qianjie Wu
School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
Zitao Guo
Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Binhu District, WuxiCity, 214122, China
Na Zhang & Dake Dong
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QW and ZG were responsible for writing and revising the paper. DD was responsible for conceptualizing the article and participating in the design.QW and ZG were responsible for statistically analyzing the data. QW and ZG replicated the collection of medical records and data organization. NZ contributed to the conception design and review of the manuscript or critical revision for important intellectual content.All authors approved the final version, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Correspondence to Dake Dong.
The authors declare no competing interests.
This study was a secondary analysis of publicly available data, written informed consent was obtained from participants for the recording of all data, and ethical approvals for the study data were obtained from the Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); for all information on these ethical approvals, please visit the following website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/irba98.htm.
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Wu, Q., Guo, Z., Zhang, N. et al. Correlation between dietary calcium intake and eczema in American adult population. Sci Rep 14, 31270 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82723-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82723-x
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