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Search keywords to find relevant markets. Log in to access your notifications and stay updated. If you’re not a member yet, Sign Up to get started! Mustafa has been writing about Blockchain and crypto since many years. He has previous trading experience and has been working in the Fintech industry since 2017. Analyst Benjamin Cowen warns Bitcoin could fall to $77,700 based on historical trends. Some suggest Bitcoin’s 15% December drop might prevent January’s usual correction. Analysts predict Bitcoin could hit $150K by 2025 and $740K by 2028. Bitcoin has had an impressive year in 2024, starting at $42,000 and closing near $96,670, marking an impressive 111% gain. This followed a 155% increase in 2023, making it two strong years in a row for the top cryptocurrency. Despite the bullish run, prominent crypto analyst Benjamin Cowen warns that Bitcoin might face a 30% drop in January, based on past trends. Benjamin Cowen noted that Bitcoin’s performance in 2024 looks similar to past halving years like 2016 and 2020. In those years, Bitcoin’s price went up in October and November but slowed down by December, much like what happened in 2012. This slowdown often led to a price drop in January. Interestingly, this time, Bitcoin has already seen a 15% drop in December 2024. According to Cowen, in past post-halving years like 2017 and 2021, Bitcoin’s price fell by about 30% in January. If history repeats, a 30% drop this January could bring Bitcoin’s price down to around $77,700. This would match the 20-week moving average, a key level that many traders watch. Perhaps this time, things are different. Instead of seeing a December rally, Bitcoin has already experienced a decline. This change has led some optimists to believe the market might have “front-run” the expected January correction. In simple words, Bitcoin could have already completed the downward move that many were anticipating for January. Benjamin Cowen suggests this early drop could mean the January correction has already occurred. If that’s the case, Bitcoin may avoid a big dip this month, breaking the usual trend. Looking further, some analysts are feeling optimistic about Bitcoin’s future in 2025. According to a Coinpedia report, Coinshare’s Market Head, James Butterfill, predicts Bitcoin could hit $150K in 2025. He believes the main factor driving this surge will be a positive regulatory environment in the US. On the other hand, Pantera Capital has an even more bullish forecast, projecting Bitcoin could skyrocket to $740,000 by 2028. Stay ahead with breaking news, expert analysis, and real-time updates on the latest trends in Bitcoin, altcoins, DeFi, NFTs, and more. As per Coinpedia’s BTC price prediction, 1 BTC could peak at $169,046. In 2030, the price of 1 Bitcoin could reach a height of $610,646. Projecting a 10-year growth in a volatile asset like Bitcoin seems a far-stretched notion. The BTC price is expected to cross $600,000 by 2030. With global adoption, Bitcoin could be worth 1 million dollars.
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Thisstorywas originally published byCalMatters. Sign upfor their newsletters. In 1953, Bárbara Flores entered kindergarten at Washington Elementary School in Madera, California, a small city in the Central Valley surrounded by farm fields. Her mother and grandmother had talked it up: You’re going to learn a lot. You’re going to like it. She believed them. A little girl who would one day become a teacher, Flores was excited. But only until she got there. “I walked out,” Flores recalled recently. She got to her grandmother’s house a few blocks away, furious. “Son mentirosas,” she said. “No entiendo nada. Y jamas voy a regresar.” You’re liars. I don’t understand anything. And I’m never going back. Flores only spoke Spanish. As the grandchild of Mexican immigrants, she didn’t find her language or culture welcome in the school. But little Bárbara didn’t get her way. And, after depositing her daughter back in the classroom, Flores’ mother asked the teacher a question: Aren’t you paying attention? My daughter walked out. The answer felt like a slap and became a part of family lore. All these little Mexican girls look alike. I didn’t notice. Flores returned to her old school this fall; the building she walked out of still stands, but almost everything else has changed. Now students speak Spanish because their teachers require them to. Little Mexican girls see their culture celebrated on the walls of every classroom. Washington students will graduate knowing how to speak, read and write in both Spanish and English, joining a growing number of “dual-language immersion” schools in California. Flores’ eyes open wide as she describes the about-face her alma mater has taken. “We were punished for speaking Spanish,” she said. “We were hit with rulers, pinched, our braids were pulled. Now the whole school is dual-language.” The nation’s most linguistically diverse state has a tortured history with bilingual education in public schools. The Education Department can’t — and the Legislature won’t — do what it takes to repair the damage. The path has not been linear. When Flores was a child, California still had an English-only law on the books from the 1800s. As governor, Ronald Reagan signed a bill eliminating it. Then the Civil Rights Movement ushered in a new era of bilingual education, and the California Legislature went further, requiring the model for students still learning English from 1976 until the anti-immigrant backlash of the 1990s. Voters banned it again in 1998, only reversing the latest prohibition in 2016. [Related: As migrants arrive, some schools need more buses, books and bilingual teachers] Researchers have found bilingual education helps students learn English faster and can boost their standardized test scores, increase graduation rates, better prepare them for college and much more. California has removed the official barriers to offering this type of instruction since 2016, and the state now champions bilingualism and biliteracy, encouraging all students to strive for both. But eight years after repeal, California schools have yet to recover. A decades-long enrollment slump in bilingual-teacher prep programs has led to a decimated teacher pipeline. And underinvestment by the Legislature, paired with a hamstrung state Education Department, has limited the pace of bilingual education’s comeback. The result? A rare case in which Californians can say Texas is inspiring. Both states enroll more than 1 million students still learning English — but last year, the Lone Star State put 40% of them in bilingual classrooms. California managed that for just 10%. In 1987, Flores didn’t think state policy would go this way. At the time, both states required bilingual education. She was a professor, helping build a bilingual-education teacher prep program at Cal State San Bernardino. Her home state could have kept pace with Texas. But it didn’t. By 1998, the bilingual-teacher prep program was flourishing. Flores helped aspiring teachers understand how students learn to read and write in two languages, sending them off into classrooms with binders full of instructional tips. Her daughter, then 10, was learning both English and Spanish through bilingual classes in the San Bernardino City Unified School District. Flores was on a parent committee organizing broader support for such programs in the face of a statewide campaign to get rid of them, bankrolled by Silicon Valley entrepreneur Ron Unz. Proposition 227, which passed with 61% of the vote, required schools to teach only in English with students who were still learning the language, something that may sound like a good idea but often ends up unnecessarily putting students’ grade-level learning of other subjects on pause while they master English. Flores saw the impact immediately. Faculty on campus called for the elimination of her program, an effort that ultimately failed but showed, she said, “the intensity of the discrimination and language racism that was prevalent.” Enrollment in bilingual-teacher prep programs across the state plummeted. Flores also watched local school districts respond. “I was shocked at superintendents in the area,” she said. “They just made everybody throw away their Spanish books. It was horrendous.” As she recalls, every single school district in the Inland Empire got rid of its bilingual programs except San Bernardino City Unified, where parent activism helped ensure the district took advantage of an exception to the new law. At the time, student achievement data from San Bernardino City Unified had shown that bilingual programs were helping kids succeed. And over the next two decades, researchers studying programs across the United States released a steady stream of evidence about the benefits of bilingual education, especially a version called “dual language.” Traditional bilingual education essentially lets students use their first language while they learn English. Once students become fluent, their schools shift entirely to English instruction, which was the goal all along. Dual-language programs, by contrast, set bilingualism as the goal. Students continue to take courses in Spanish or another language for about half of the school day until they leave the program. While dual-language programs often stop after elementary school, the “bilingual advantage” stretches through students’ K-12 years and into their working lives. Dual-language students have been found to score higher than their peers on both math and English language artsexams by middle school. They also get higher scores on the ACT in high school, setting them up to be more competitive in college admissions. And importantly, a team at Stanford found that native Spanish speakers were more likely to test out of English-learner services if they took bilingual classes, a coveted goal because of how well “former English learners” do. University of Chicago researchers just released data showing that Chicago high schoolers in this group had higher-than-average GPAs and SAT scores, high school graduation rates, and community college enrollment and persistence rates. Patricia Gándara co-directs the UCLA Civil Rights Project, which has published similar findings, and has spent decades of her career cataloging the bilingual advantage. She laments the narrow value placed on bilingual education in the U.S., where it has historically been pursued as a way to help kids who don’t speak English learn the language more quickly and then succeed in English-only classes. “That’s a very shortsighted view,” Gándara said, “particularly from the research that we’ve done that shows kids who get a strong bilingual education are more likely to go to college, they’re more likely to complete college, they’re more likely to have better jobs and better opportunities.” Yet while policymakers didn’t catch on right away, well-off and well-educated white parents did, seeing the economic benefits of bilingualism for their children very clearly. [Related: Undocumented kids have a right to attend public schools. This coalition wants to keep it that way.] Glendale Unified School District launched its first Spanish-English dual-language program in 2003, going on to add programs in six other languages while official state policy was to ban them. Last year, 85% of the students enrolled were fluent English speakers, according to program director Nancy Hong. Immigrant families, weighed down by the pressure to speak English and make sure their children do too, have been hard to recruit. Hong said immigrant parents have long been concerned that letting their children spend half the school day or more hearing their home language will get in the way of learning English, even though research has shown it can make the whole process go faster. “The goal is to dismantle those myths and misperceptions,” she said. But even though about 20% of students districtwide are English learners, only about 10% of them are in dual-language programs. Many immigrant families, however, have become strong advocates for the programs. José Sanjas, a Mexican-born father in Madera Unified School District, takes his 6-year-old daughter past her neighborhood school every day en route to one of the district’s dual-language programs. He and his wife want to preserve their native language as their daughter grows up here, but the draw isn’t only personal; Sanjas also sees how bilingualism will benefit his daughter in the workplace. “She can help more people in the future,” Sanjas said. “Professionally, she’ll be able to serve everyone.” Spurred on by support like his, a diverse coalition of school leaders in Madera Unified had, by 2016, come to see dual-language education as key to turning around the district’s chronically low performance, especially among the children of immigrants. Flores had helped make the case, inviting school board members to the annual conference of the California Association for Bilingual Education. And in Flores’ hometown, U.S.-born, white families were among those speaking up in support of the programs, knowing even if the immigrant students’ test scores had the most room to grow, their children could benefit too. Statewide, public opinion had swung in the other direction; that November, about 74% of California voters said yes to Proposition 58, officially allowing bilingual education back in California classrooms. “It was a relief we [could] finally move forward for our children,” Flores said. “We lost a whole generation of kids — quite a few generations, really — because of English-only.” The next generation, however, is still waiting. Flores spent 40 years training future teachers before retiring in 2019. Across three institutions and 32 years at Cal State San Bernardino, she likely taught 10,000 students, many of whom remain sprinkled throughout the state’s bilingual-education system. But if anything defines the legacy of Prop. 227, it is the shattered teacher pipeline it left in its wake. Gándara, of the UCLA Civil Rights Project, said the current state of affairs is “one of those stories of ‘I told you so.’ … I could see what the problem was going to be: that when people came back to their senses and realized what a mistake this was, the big fallout was going to be that we didn’t have the teachers.” California colleges are not producing nearly enough teachers to meet the state’s bilingual-education goals. During the 2022-23 school year, the state commission on teacher credentialing only authorized 1,011 new bilingual teachers — across all languages. Only seven went to teachers who speak Vietnamese, the second-most-common language in California schools that year. And it actually gave out fewer credentials to Spanish-speaking teachers that year than in the three years prior. The Legislature has not ignored this problem entirely. In 2017, it funded six grants, totaling $20 million, to help districts coach up bilingual staffers and prepare them to lead bilingual classrooms. But Edgar Lampkin, CEO of the California Association for Bilingual Education, said seeding such “grow your own” programs falls far short of addressing the statewide need. “That’s not systemic,” he said. “We were punished for speaking Spanish. We were hit with rulers, pinched, our braids were pulled. Now the whole school is dual-language.” Bárbara Flores, bilingual education researcher and advocate In 2022, the National Resource Center for Asian Languages, based at Cal State Fullerton, got state money to train 200 teachers over five years. They’re on track, and the center’s director, Natalie Tran, is proud that their programs are not only increasing the number of teachers certified to teach in Asian languages, but also diversifying the languages they speak. She expects to certify teachers who speak Tagalog, Hmong and Khmer this school year. Still, she said, the state needs to do more to train additional teachers of Asian languages, including the less common ones. “We’re going to need help from policymakers to make this happen,” Tran said. She isn’t the only one calling on lawmakers to be part of the solution. Anya Hurwitz is executive director of SEAL, a nonprofit that got its start as an initiative of the Sobrato Family Foundation to address achievement gaps between immigrant and native-born children in Silicon Valley. She says the state underfunds education, which gets in the way of doing what’s best for kids who don’t speak English. In 2022, the last year for which federal census data is available, New York spent almost $30,000 per student. California spent about $17,000. And besides its support for teacher training, the Legislature has only given districts $10 million extra to start or expand dual-language programs. In Massachusetts, home to about one-tenth the number of kids still learning English, the Legislature disbursed $11.8 million for the same work, kicking off its own recovery from an English-only law. “Funding is not the solution to everything in and of itself,” Hurwitz said, “but at the same time, we can’t build capacity without funding and resources.” Back in Flores’ hometown, Madera administrators have been able to use state and federal money earmarked for their sizable number of immigrant families and those living in poverty to achieve their dual-language goals. But startup costs for dual-language programs are expensive. Teacher preparation programs, Superintendent Todd Lile said, are not producing graduates who are ready to do this work, leaving districts like his with steep professional development costs. A residency program with Cal State Fresno has given Madera a solid pipeline of teachers, but the recent grads have to clear all the usual hurdles of being new to the profession while also adapting to using Spanish in the classroom. While these new hires at Washington Elementary School grew up bilingual, they went to school through the Prop. 227 years, meaning most of them didn’t develop an academic vocabulary in Spanish. Viviana Valerio, a kindergarten teacher, said that history made bilingual education an intimidating proposition. “I commonly speak Spanish at home, but then when I was thinking about teaching, I was thinking, ‘OK, academic terms, I don’t know how to translate that,’ or ‘Parents ask me a question and I can’t think of it, I’m going to want to transition into English,’” she said. “For me, that was the scary part.” Texas, too, lacks bilingual-education teachers, echoing a shortage present in much of the country, but the state is far ahead of California; many districts are able to recruit their own alumni because their programs have been around so long. Texas also continues to invest in bilingual education, helping districts comply with state mandates to offer it. Like California, Texas gives districts more per-pupil funding for every student still learning English; unlike California, Texas offers an additional premium for each of them enrolled in a dual-language program. As an extra incentive to start and maintain these programs, Texas has started bumping up funding for the native English speakers enrolled too. Research shows the programs work better when classes are evenly split between native English speakers and speakers of the program’s second language. Then, not only are students learning their second language from the teacher but from their peers as well. Conveniently, this also makes for more integrated classrooms, something Gándara said California needs. “We haven’t been able to take advantage of that, in large part because people don’t pay attention to that as a major issue and also because we don’t have the teachers to pull it off.” Indeed, districts across the state cite staffing as a major barrier to starting or expanding their programs. Some have gone abroad to recruit. Others have been forced to scrap their plans entirely. Newark Unified School District, in the Bay Area, got rid of its dual-language program this year because it couldn’t find teachers to staff it. “We tried everything,” said Karen Allard, assistant superintendent of education services. For more than a decade now, the state’s Education Department has tried to champion bilingual programs. Students who can prove their fluency in two languages before graduation get a special seal on their diplomas. The department also implores schools to help the children of immigrants maintain their home language while learning English, building that recommendation into its 2017 English Learner Roadmap. By 2030, it wants half of California students on a path to becoming bilingual. [Related: As migrants arrive, some schools need more buses, books and bilingual teachers] Yet all of this largely amounts to cheerleading. The department is minimally funded and staffed, a result of the state’s commitment to sending almost all K-12 funding directly to school districts, and its support for bilingual education has not come with any firm demands. Conor Williams, a senior fellow at The Century Foundation, a progressive think tank based in Washington, D.C., recently found himself — a self-described “professional lefty” — in the surprising position of celebrating Texas’ policy over California’s. Besides following Texas’ lead on funding, he said, California should rethink teacher licensing. The state requires college graduates to pass a suite of tests to become teachers, but Williams points out the tests don’t lead to better instruction and can keep good teachers from classrooms. Getting rid of the requirement could bring more bilingual adults into the profession and expand the teacher pipeline. Hard to overcome, however, is California’s shift toward more local control over schooling. Williams doesn’t always agree with what the Texas education department does with its power, but the state’s centralized approach means it has “enough power and muscle and will to set rules and hold districts to them,” he said. California’s Local Control Funding Formula is widely popular and has ensured districts get more state money to serve students still learning English as well as those in foster care and low-income households. But, Williams points out, local control has its limits. “You don’t win civil rights battles by leaving it up to local school boards,” he said. Still, districts like Madera are moving ahead on their own. In 2020, Flores’ alma mater, Washington Elementary, became Madera Unified’s second dual-language school, welcoming its first class of kindergartners who are expected to leave proficient in both English and Spanish. Mateo Diaz Zanjas was one of them. He’s now a fourth-grader and speaks in easy Spanish about the school and his long-term dream of going to Harvard. Upon hearing that he and his peers speak very good Spanish, he eagerly replies: “We also speak good English.” And he proves it, going on to answer questions in English about his favorite subjects and the languages he speaks with certain friends. Administrators, however, are still waiting for the data to show that their bet on bilingual education will pay off in student achievement gains. The pandemic interrupted their early years and set them back, and the oldest students aren’t doing as well as district leaders would have hoped. Commitment to the programs, however, has not waivered. Students’ overall test scores remain low, but their growth scores — or how much they learn over the course of the year — are high. The district is helping students learn English more quickly, too, meaning they are becoming “former English learners” faster with the newer supports and joining the district’s highest-performing student group. In the meantime, Madera teachers are using bilingual education to give Spanish speakers grade-level material, knowing that once they sharpen their English skills, all that information will transfer. “Kids can learn math in Spanish; it’s still math,” Lile said. “They can learn social studies in Spanish; it’s still history and geography. These subject matters don’t exist only in English.” During Flores’ recent visit to Madera Unified, she heard Lile describe his long-term goals for the district, including higher graduation rates and better college readiness for the children of immigrants. She looked on proudly, sure her hometown district was finally getting it right. A few years ago, Flores introduced Lile to Margarita Machado-Casas, a professor at San Diego State’s Department of Dual Language and English Learner Education, which has long been a top producer of the state’s bilingual teachers. Machado-Casas is helping the district figure out what concrete steps teachers and administrators should take to follow the high-level recommendations of the state’s English Learner Roadmap. They started out with “Principle 1,” which asks school and district staffers to see immigrant students’ language and culture as assets rather than seeing their lack of English proficiency as a deficit. Pointing to Madera’s long and painful history of discriminating against immigrant students, including Flores, Machado-Casas said this principle unexpectedly took the entire first year, requiring “courageous conversations” — including asking staffers to think deeply about whether they believed in the work enough to stay in the district. Machado-Casas is helping educators in Madera understand both how to help immigrant students tackle grade-level material and convince them that the students can handle it. Flores hopes the work ends up being a playbook for the entire state — which could soon need one. Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a bill this year requiring the Education Department to come up with a statewide plan for helping districts adopt the road map’s guidelines and report on their progress. [Related: Q&A – NYC has a network of schools serving new immigrants. Here’s how they’re preparing for Trump.] This planning process guarantees California will be over a decade into its recovery from the English-only years before the state even considers holding schools accountable for changing their practices. When New York passed a blueprint for how to serve English learners in 2014, it followed it up with new state regulations that same year, creating stricter policies for serving students who were still learning English, including a broader mandate for bilingual education, which had already been required for decades. Alesha Moreno-Ramirez leads the California Education Department’s multilingual support division. She said state budget limitations have gotten in the way of implementing the English Learner Roadmap and said any call to require bilingual education like Texas or New York would have to come from the Legislature, not the department. “That said, we would enthusiastically support the movement toward requiring bilingual education,” she added. Advocates caution such a mandate would have to come with enough funding to help districts create high-quality programs, but many agree it would be a win for California students. Children from immigrant families speak 108 different languages, according to the Education Department, but 93% of them speak one of 10. To require bilingual programs, the Legislature would likely tweak the current law, which says if the parents of 30 or more students in a single school request a language acquisition program, the school has to offer it “to the extent possible.” Texas, Illinois and New York have similar laws, but instead of requiring bilingual programs in response to parent advocacy, they do so based solely on enrollment. Flores thinks the state is at least moving in the right direction. And Madera Unified gives her hope. During her recent visit, she was flooded with memories: She saw the tree she and her friends used to circle while playing “Ring Around the Rosie.” She visited the classroom she walked out of as a 5-year-old, where the walls are now decorated with vocabulary in Spanish as well as English. She suffered in that room 70 years ago. Now, little Mexican girls do not. “We don’t stop,” she said. “We keep plugging away. That’s our tenacity. That’s our grit. And our motivation, of course, is for our children.” *** Tara García Mathewson is an award-winning reporter who primarily investigates the use of technology in education. Tara has been recognized for her beat reporting as well as features and investigations into the educational technology industry, school discipline, and other topics. Her work has appeared in a variety of regional and national news outlets, including the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe Magazine, USA Today, and Wired. This story was originally published on CalMatters.
Proposition 227 required schools to teach only in English with students still learning it. Yearslong wait lists, anxiety, and lack of choice: 4 parents’ quest for quality care. Student populations in private schools are far whiter than in the surrounding public schools. We are dedicated to ensuring immigrant children are safe and welcome while attending school. Every school needs detailed policies for all staff interactions with federal immigration officials. The teaching profession is facing the “Great Teacher Resignation.” What’s causing their exodus? Do we need more than job-training? Adding social-emotional support to reconnection programs could help. GIRLSTRONG is a fitness apparel brand for girls and women, built by women. Students hear professors’ warnings against AI and job market’s conflicting demands for AI mastery. Publisher says kids don’t doubt themselves. That makes for a really fun creative flow. Many university professors think high schoolers would be better off learning more useful math. Youth Today is a national, nonprofit, independent news source for people who care about and work with children and youth. • Editorial independence policy • Donor transparency policy Youth Today XML site map: https://youthtoday.org/sitemap.xml Youth Today ISSN: 10896724
Cryptocurrency analyst and trader Jason Pizzino is leaning bearish on Bitcoin (BTC). In a new video, Pizzino tells his 345,000 YouTube subscribers that Bitcoin is “probably going to see further downside” and is likely to remain below the all-time high of around $108,200 for a long time. According to Pizzino, the decisive support level for Bitcoin currently is at around $91,750. “If it does break down from the 50%, and that’s at $91,750, then there’s a higher chance that we push to the mid $80,000s maybe even the low $80,000s, somewhere around $83,500 and $82,000-ish over the coming week or two.” The widely followed cryptocurrency analyst says that if Bitcoin falls under $85,000, the correction could extend further. “If anything breaks down, you start to see closes underneath $73,000, $74,000, which are those previous tops, that is a sign for concern. It’s not the end, but it is looking like a very weak market if that happens.” Pizzino further says, “Right now, we or Bitcoin is at that point now – you’re at 14 days [below the all-time high]. So this is the longest time Bitcoin has been underneath a top in this entire move after it broke out of the $74,000 top on election day [November 5th of 2024]… …probably it’s going to take longer to recover from this move [From $108,200 to the current price], especially after the extreme bullishness we have seen. The good news is the reset is on, the reset is happening.” Bitcoin is trading at $93,360 at time of writing.
By Annabel Consuelo Petinglay January 2, 2025, 7:05 pm Share HERBAL MEDICINE. Herbal medicines produced by the Latazon Indigenous Peoples Organization (LAIPO) are on display at the Tindahang Lokal at the Old Capitol in San Jose de Buenavista, Antique on Thursday (Jan. 2, 2025). LAIPO head Abel Pedro, in an interview, encouraged more IPs to engage in community gardening to help produce herbs they can use in preparing ointment for skin diseases, liniment, and diuretics. (PNA photo by Annabel Consuelo J. Petinglay) SAN JOSE DE BUENAVISTA, Antique – The Latazon Indigenous Peoples Organization (LAIPO) in the municipality of Laua-an encourages more community gardens to support its growing traditional herbal medicine production. Abel Pedro, Iraynon Bukidnon Antique provincial tribal chairman and LAIPO head, said in an interview on Thursday that they are encouraging more Indigenous Peoples to plant herbs they can use in preparing ointment for skin diseases, liniment, and diuretics. “We are buying herbal medicine, like herba buena, for PHP50 per kilo,” Pedro said. He said their production has grown since they received the PHP1.1 million shared service facility (SSF) composed of a greenhouse, cooking ware, working table, and water tank, among others, from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in 2023. They get orders by joining trade fairs and displaying at the Tindahang Lokal at the Old Capitol in San Jose de Buenavista. “Many people said that they found the herbal medicines we produce effective,” Pedro said. From 25 bottles of the 200 ml. liniment when they started, production has increased to 50 bottles. The production of 200-gram ointment also increased to 60 pieces per month from 20 when it began. Pedro said they would expand their production center in Barangay Latazon, Laua-an this year to have wider space for processing, packaging, and labeling their medicines and have other amenities. They distribute seedlings within their community to sustain their sources. “We are also looking forward that this year, through the help of the DTI, we could already get the Bureau of Food and Drugs Administration approval for our tea and other capsule form herbal medicines, such as for stomachache,” he said. At present, 12 IPs are directly involved in their production, paid per bottle of the herbal medicine they help process, package, and label. From what used to be their PHP500 monthly income, they already earn as much as PHP27,000 just by joining a weeklong trade fair organized by the DTI. (PNA)
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Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Advertisement Nature Mental Health (2025)Cite this article Metrics details Psychological characteristics are associated with varying dementia risk and protective factors. To determine whether these characteristics aggregate into psychological profiles and whether these profiles differentially relate to aging health, we conducted a cross-sectional investigation in two independent middle-aged (51.4 ± 7.0 years (mean ± s.d.); N = 750) and older adult (71.1 ± 5.9 years; N = 282) cohorts, supplemented by longitudinal analyses in the former. Using a person-centered approach, three profiles emerged in both cohorts: those with low protective characteristics (profile 1), high risk characteristics (profile 2) and well-balanced characteristics (profile 3). Profile 1 showed the worst objective cognition in older age and middle age (at follow-up), and most rapid cortical thinning. Profile 2 exhibited the worst mental health symptomology and lowest sleep quality in both older age and middle age. We identified profile-dependent divergent patterns of associations that may suggest two distinct paths for mental, cognitive and brain health, emphasizing the need for comprehensive psychological assessments in dementia prevention research to identify groups for more personalized behavior-change strategies. The rapid growth of the aged population poses a substantial global social and economic challenge. Mental, cognitive and brain health are affected in aging, with over 20% of adults aged 60+ years living with a psychiatric or neurological disorder, including dementia1. Indeed, the prevalence of dementia is predicted to more than double over the next 20 years2. In this context, promoting healthy life years, which includes maintaining mental health and preventing age-related cognitive decline, is critical. Research urgently needs to identify modifiable factors that impact healthy aging and dementia risk, and the mechanisms through which they act, to advance early interventions for prevention. Targeting mid-to-older adults, before the extensive accumulation of neuropathology and impairment, is vital3. The Lancet Commission on dementia prevention identified 14 potentially modifiable factors that affect dementia risk3. While eliminating these risk factors (for example, smoking, physical inactivity, social isolation) could theoretically prevent or delay up to 45% of dementias, deepening the search for factors underpinning some of these largely physical and behavioral risks will generate greater opportunity for dementia risk reduction and healthier aging. Recent research has begun to identify psychological characteristics that are associated with increased risk of, or protection from, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration and clinical dementia4. Repetitive negative thinking5,6,7, proneness to experience distress8 (also known as neuroticism) and perceived stress9 are associated with increased risk, whereas protective characteristics include having a sense of life-purpose10 or coherence11, self-reflection12 and dispositional mindfulness13. Up to now, psychological risk and protective factors have almost exclusively been examined independently. This approach is limiting, because psychological characteristics do not exist in isolation. It is important to understand whether psychological characteristics aggregate into different profiles and how these aggregations relate to markers of aging and dementia risk, as this knowledge could aid in the development of targeted interventions and preventive strategies. For example, are high levels of psychological risk factors more strongly associated with age-related brain and cognitive measures than lower levels of protective psychological features? This research requires the use of person-centered approaches to identify the latent psychological profiles of individuals14. This approach contrasts with the more widely used variable-centered approach, which examines the relationships between two or more variables in a given sample. Although useful to help understand how these variables relate to each other, variable-centered approaches are unable to holistically account for interacting characteristics that may influence outcomes15. Person-centered approaches create groups of individuals (persons) based on the similarity of their responses to the variables, so that people with similar characteristics are grouped together into a profile. These profiles can then be used to examine their relationships with different outcome measures. Our study uses a person-centered approach using latent profile analysis (LPA) to uncover hidden patterns of psychological characteristics within individuals. By identifying distinct psychological profiles and examining their associations with multimodal markers of dementia risk, we aim to elucidate how various combinations of psychological characteristics relate to mental, cognitive and brain health. This methodology allows us to move beyond traditional variable-centered approaches, offering a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between psychological characteristics and aging-related outcomes. The objectives of the present study were twofold: (1) to use LPA to investigate whether individual psychological characteristics associated with dementia risk or protection aggregate into similar psychological profiles in two independent cohorts of cognitively unimpaired middle-aged and older adults, and (2) to examine the associations of such putative profiles with mental health, cognition, brain integrity measured via cortical thickness, and engagement in other lifestyle-related behaviors associated with dementia risk, as well as with measures of cognitive change and brain atrophy over time. A total of 823 cognitively unimpaired participants from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative (BBHI; including n = 750 with baseline mental, cognitive and/or brain health data and n = 533 with both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive data at follow-up) and 282 cognitively unimpaired participants from the Medit-Ageing study were included. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for each cohort are provided in Table 1. The BBHI cohort were younger (51.4 ± 7.0 versus 71.1. ± 5.9 years (mean ± s.d.); W = 10,331, P < 0.001, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) and included a larger proportion of men (48.5% versus 36.9%; χ2 = 11.60, P < 0.001, chi-squared test) than the Medit-Ageing cohort. The model fit statistics for the LPA, conducted separately in BBHI and Medit-Ageing, are presented in Supplementary Table 1. The Vuong–Lo–Medell–Rubin likelihood ratio test (VLMR-LRT) became non-significant for the four-profile solution in both samples, indicating that a three-profile solution was the best fitting. Increasing the number of profiles resulted in small class sizes (<5% of the total sample), alongside poorer fit in many of the other metrics, supporting three profiles as the most robust solution. As shown in Fig. 1, we found three distinct profiles in both cohorts that demonstrated comparable aggregations of psychological characteristics. Compared to the other profiles, profile 1 was characterized by lower levels of positive or protective psychological characteristics, profile 2 by higher negative or psychological risk characteristics, and profile 3 by moderately high protective and moderately low risk characteristics. We labeled the three profiles as follows: ‘low protective’ (profile 1: BBHI, n = 196, 26.1%; Medit-Ageing, n = 59, 20.9%), ‘high risk’ (profile 2: BBHI, n = 149, 19.9%; Medit-Ageing, n = 64, 22.7%) and ‘well-balanced’ (profile 3: BBHI, n = 405, 54.0%; Medit-Ageing, n = 159, 56.4%). Descriptive statistics for each profile, in both cohorts, are presented in Table 1. Psychological factors that have been associated with dementia risk in the existing literature are in shades of red, and psychological factors that have been associated with protection against dementia are in shades of green. The results from linear regression models examining the cross-sectional associations between psychological profile membership and mental health, cognition, lifestyle and cortical thickness after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, education and (in Medit-Ageing) study) are described below, presented in Supplementary Table 2 and displayed in Figs. 2–4. Raw data distributions of depression and anxiety by profile, with the white circles representing the estimated marginal means following adjustment for covariates (age, sex and years of education, as well as study group (for Medit-Ageing data)). The 95% confidence intervals are displayed as vertical black lines. Higher scores across all measures represent greater levels of depression and anxiety. Two-tailed linear regressions were performed to test for the effect of psychological profile group membership on depression (BBHI, N = 749, F2,746 = 63.6, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 282, F2,275 = 24.6, P < 0.001) and anxiety (BBHI, N = 749, F2,746 = 131.8, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 281, F2,274 = 71.9, P < 0.001). A significant main effect of psychological profile is represented by a bold horizontal line at the top of the graph, with pairwise differences displayed by thinner horizontal lines below. Precise P values for pairwise comparisons are reported in Supplementary Table 2. There were no corrections for multiple comparisons. DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 items; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; STAI-B, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory–Scale B; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. Raw data distributions of objective cognition and subjective cognitive complaints by profile, with the white circles representing the estimated marginal means following adjustment for covariates (age, sex and years of education, and study group (for Medit-Ageing data)). The 95% confidence intervals are displayed as vertical black lines. Higher scores across all measures represent better objective cognition and greater levels of subjective cognitive complaints (the scores for the latter are inversed for visualization purposes). Two-tailed linear regressions were performed to test for the effect of psychological profile group membership on objective cognition (BBHI, N = 729, F2,723 = 7.2, P < 0.00; Medit-Ageing, N = 280, F2,273 = 8.0, P < 0.001) and subjective cognitive complaints (BBHI, N = 738, F2,732 = 60.1, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 276, F2,269 = 21.0, P < 0.001). A significant main effect of psychological profile is represented by a bold horizontal line at the top of the graph, with pairwise differences displayed by thinner horizontal lines below. Precise P values for pairwise comparisons are reported in Supplementary Table 2. There were no corrections for multiple comparisons. For visualization purposes, scores of subjective cognitive complaints for the BBHI sample were inverted from those utilized in the statistical analyses, so that higher scores reflect more subjective cognitive complaints. McNair CDS, McNair Cognitive Difficulties Scale; Neuro-QoL, Quality of Life in Neuroradiological Disorders; PACC5Abridged, Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite 5 Abridged; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. Raw data distributions of subjective sleep problems, loneliness, social network engagement and LIBRA scores by profile, with the white circles representing the estimated marginal means following adjustment for covariates (age, sex and years of education, and study group (for Medit-Ageing data)). The 95% confidence intervals are displayed as vertical black lines. Higher scores across all measures represent greater levels of subjective sleep problems and higher levels of loneliness; and higher social network and LIBRA scores indicate a larger social network and a greater dementia risk, respectively. Two-tailed linear regressions were performed to test for the effect of psychological profile group membership on subjective sleep problems (BBHI, N = 735, F2,697 = 42.1, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 277, F2,270 = 15.4, P < 0.001), loneliness (BBHI, N = 703, F2,697 = 76.0, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, N = 277, F2,270 = 20.6, P < 0.001), social network engagement (BBHI, N = 738, F2,697 = 41.1, P < 0.001) and LIBRA scores (BBHI, N = 704, F2,698 = 15.7, P < 0.001). A significant main effect of psychological profile is represented by a bold horizontal line at the top of the graph, with pairwise differences displayed as thinner horizontal lines below. Precise P values for pairwise comparisons are reported in Supplementary Table 2. There were no corrections for multiple comparisons. Jenkins, Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire; LIBRA, Lifestyle for BRAin health; LSNS, Lubben Social Network Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; UCLA, University of California Loneliness Scale; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05. In both BBHI and Medit-Ageing, psychological profile membership was associated with anxiety (BBHI, F2,746 = 63.6, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, F2,274 = 71.9, P < 0.001) and depressive (BBHI, F2,746 = 131.8, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, F2,275 = 24.6, P < 0.001) symptoms. Planned pairwise comparisons revealed that individuals in profile 2 exhibited significantly elevated levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in comparison to those in profiles 1 and 3, in both cohorts. Furthermore, participants in Profile 1 had higher anxiety and depressive symptoms compared to those in profile 3 in both cohorts. Psychological profile membership was associated with a global cognitive composite sensitive to detecting and tracking preclinical Alzheimer’s disease-related decline (that is, the four-item ‘abridged’ Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite 5 (PACC5abridged)) in both BBHI (F2,723 = 8.0, P < 0.001) and Medit-Ageing (F2,273 = 12.7, P < 0.001). Although no statistically significant differences emerged in planned pairwise comparisons in BBHI, the pattern of findings closely resembled that of Medit-Ageing. In Medit-Ageing, individuals in profile 1 had significantly worse global cognitive function (that is, lower PACC5abridged scores) compared to those in profiles 2 and 3. In addition to associations with objective cognition, psychological profile membership was related to subjective cognition in both BBHI (F2,732 = 60.1, P < 0.001) and Medit-Ageing (F2,269 = 21.0, P < 0.001). Individuals in profile 2 reported greater perceived subjective memory concerns compared to profile 3 individuals in both cohorts. Additionally, in BBHI, individuals in profile 2 reported more memory concerns than individuals in profile 1, while profile 1 individuals reported greater concerns than those in profile 3. Following additional adjustment for anxiety and depressive symptoms in sensitivity analyses, objective and subjective cognition results remained largely unchanged (Supplementary Table 3). In BBHI, psychological profile membership was associated with health and lifestyle factors related to dementia risk, as captured by the late-life ‘Lifestyle for Brain Health’ composite (LIBRA; F2,698 = 15.7, P < 0.001). Planned pairwise comparisons revealed that individuals in profiles 1 and 2 had poorer health and lifestyles (that is, higher LIBRA scores) compared to those in profile 3. Exploratory analyses revealed associations between psychological profile membership and the LIBRA constituent measures of cognitive activity, hypercholesterolemia, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and smoking. No pairwise differences were observed in relation to hypercholesterolemia and smoking; however, individuals in profiles 1 and 2 reported lower levels of cognitive activity and less adherence to the Mediterranean diet than individuals in profile 3 (Supplementary Table 4). It was not possible to compute the LIBRA in Medit-Ageing. Instead, exploratory analyses were performed to examine the association between psychological profile membership and LIBRA components. Specifically, we focused on the components that were associated with psychological profile membership in BBHI and were also available in Medit-Ageing (that is, cognitive activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and smoking). Partially aligning with the findings from BBHI, psychological profile membership was associated with cognitive activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, but not smoking. No pairwise differences were observed in relation to cognitive activity; however, individuals in profile 1 reported greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet than individuals in profiles 2 and 3. The relationship between psychological profile membership and subjective sleep quality, loneliness and social network engagement—health and lifestyle factors associated with dementia risk but not captured by the LIBRA—were also examined. In both cohorts, analyses revealed associations between psychological profile membership and subjective sleep quality (BBHI, F2,697 = 42.1, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, F2,270 = 15.4, P < 0.001) and loneliness (BBHI, F2,697 = 76.0, P < 0.001; Medit-Ageing, F2,270 = 20.6, P < 0.001). Planned pairwise comparisons revealed that individuals in profile 2 had worse perceived sleep quality and higher levels of loneliness compared to those in profiles 1 and 3, in both cohorts. Furthermore, in BBHI, individuals in profile 1 also reported worse sleep quality and greater loneliness than those in profile 3. In BBHI, where social network engagement was also assessed, an association was observed with psychological profile membership (F2,697 = 41.1, P < 0.001), with planned pairwise comparisons indicating that participants in profiles 1 and 2 had smaller social network engagement in comparison to those in profile 3. Following additional adjustment for anxiety and depressive symptoms in sensitivity analyses, all results remained largely unchanged (Supplementary Table 3). In the BBHI sample, where MRI baseline data were available for 716 participants, psychological profile membership was not associated with differences in cortical thickness (as revealed by a vertex-wise general linear model conducted on FreeSurfer). Both cognition and MRI data were obtained for 533 BBHI participants at a follow-up assessment (profile 1, n = 139, 26.1%; profile 2, n = 101, 18.9%; profile 3, n = 293, 55.0%). Over an average follow-up period of 2.3 years (range, 0.7 to 3.4 years), there were no differences in attrition rates across psychological profiles (χ2 = 1.2, P = 0.540). Compared to the total BBHI sample, individuals with longitudinal data were on average older (T381 = 2.2, P = 0.029, t-test), but did not differ in relation to the proportion of women (χ2 = 0.1, P = 0.765) or education level (T342 = 0.4, P = 0.726). As a sensitivity check, all baseline cross-sectional analyses were re-conducted in the BBHI subsample with longitudinal data (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). The results mirrored those for the entire sample, showing baseline associations between psychological profile membership and mental health, cognition and lifestyle factors. Planned pairwise comparisons within the BBHI subsample remained largely consistent with the full sample, revealing that profile 1 membership was associated with the lowest levels of objective cognition, poorest health and lifestyle as measured by the LIBRA, and the smallest social network. Also, individuals in profile 2 exhibited the highest levels of depression, anxiety, loneliness, subjective cognitive concerns and the worst perceived sleep quality (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6). In addition, we did not observe differences in cortical thickness. During the 2.3-year follow-up period, no change in global cognitive function (that is, PACC5abridged scores) was observed from baseline to follow-up (β = −0.0, P = 0.787) when analyzing longitudinal data in an adjusted linear mixed-effects model. In a separate mixed-effects model, a group-by-time interaction revealed no differences in PACC5abridged score changes according to psychological profile (F2,519 = 0.7, P = 0.519). However, although psychological profile membership was not associated with changes in PACC5abridged scores, analyses revealed stability in the association between psychological profile membership and global cognitive function. Specifically, psychological profile membership was associated with PACC5abridged scores at follow-up (F2,512 = 6.5, P = 0.002) when fitting a linear regression model. Planned pairwise comparisons revealed that individuals in profile 1 demonstrated worse global cognitive function compared to those in profile 3 (β = −0.2, P = 0.011). Following additional adjustment for anxiety and depressive symptoms in sensitivity analyses, the results remained largely unchanged. Vertex-wise general linear models were fitted using FreeSurfer to investigate longitudinal changes in cortical thickness. During the follow-up period, cortical thinning was observed, spanning the lateral and medial parts of the frontal cortex (that is, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and orbital cortices), the inferior parietal lobule and the precuneus/posterior cingulate region, as well as the lateral, middle and anterior parts of the temporal lobe. Other regions, such as the primary visual and motor cortices, were less affected (Supplementary Fig. 1). Psychological profile membership was associated with change in cortical thickness from baseline to an average of 2.3 years of follow-up. Specifically, planned pairwise comparisons revealed that, compared to profile 3, individuals in profile 1 exhibited the greatest cortical thinning in the inferior and middle temporal regions and the fusiform gyri bilaterally, as well as in the lateral occipital and pericalcarine area (spanning the lingual gyrus and cuneus) in the left hemisphere. These differences were maintained after adjusting for anxiety and depressive symptoms, and in this adjusted model, differences were also observed between profiles 1 and 2 in the thinning of the inferior temporal lobe region where the former group exhibited accelerated brain atrophy (Fig. 5). In sensitivity analyses that included additional adjustments for cognitive change, differences between profiles 1 and 3 were still observed in the inferior temporal and lateral occipital regions in the primary model. In the adjusted analyses, significant differences were only observed in the inferior temporal region. a,b, Vertex-wise symmetrized percent change maps of significant clusters surviving family-wise error multiple comparison correction in 533 participants from BBHI, for the primary model (adjusted for age, sex and education; a) and the adjusted model (further adjusted for depression and anxiety symptoms; b). Blue to light blue reflects higher cortical thickness loss for profile 1 in comparison to profile 3 (in a and upper row of b) and profile 2 (lower row of b). In a, final cluster-wise P values are <0.001 for the cluster around the right lateral occipital area, 0.034 for the cluster around the right fusiform area and <0.001 around the left inferior temporal area. In b, when comparing profile 1 versus profile 3, final cluster-wise P values are <0.001 for the cluster around the right lateral occipital area and <0.001 for the cluster around the left inferior temporal area. When comparing profile 1 versus profile 2, the final cluster-wise P value is 0.004 for the cluster around the left inferior temporal area. All analyses were performed with vertex-wise one-factor/two-level general linear models, as provided by FreeSurfer. The present study investigated the relationships between psychological profiles, mental and cognitive health, lifestyle and brain integrity. We identified three distinct profiles based on responses to questionnaires that measured nine psychological characteristics. These characteristics were selected based on previous literature reporting their relative risk of or protection from cognitive decline and dementia. The observed psychological profiles included a first group characterized by lower scores on positive or protective psychological characteristics, a second group with high negative or psychological risk characteristics, and a third group with moderately high protective and moderately low risk characteristics. These profiles were independently observed in a middle-aged cohort and an older adult cohort, suggesting that the selected psychological characteristics appear to aggregate in a robust and reproducible manner, even in populations that differ not only in age but also in gender distribution. They were also primarily based in different countries. In both cohorts, profile 1 comprised individuals with lower scores in questionnaires capturing psychological domains that may confer protection from dementia10,16,17, reduced expression of clinical symptoms in the face of pathology18, and better cognitive status and higher brain resilience11,19. In the older adult cohort (Medit-Ageing), individuals in profile 1, compared to those in profiles 2 and 3, exhibited worse performance on the global cognitive composite score sensitive to Alzheimer’s disease-related decline. Regarding mental health, in both cohorts, participants in profile 1 showed an intermediate level of depression and anxiety symptoms, fewer than profile 2 and generally more than profile 3. In relation to modifiable health and lifestyle factors, profile 1 participants also exhibited higher LIBRA scores (indicating greater dementia risk) and lower engagement in cognitively stimulating activities compared to profile 3 in the middle-aged cohort (that is, BBHI). Notably, while some core psychological factors characterizing this group, such as purpose in life, have been previously associated with depression and anxiety20, the majority of our findings were maintained after adjusting for these symptoms. Previous studies have shown that some personality characteristics, such as conscientiousness and openness to experience, may confer relative protection from dementia incidence17 and that they may be related to individual variability in Alzheimer’s disease biomarker expression8. Compared to positive affect, measures of eudaimonic well-being, such as purpose and meaning in life, have also been associated with reduced dementia risk10, and both clinicopathological and brain imaging studies have indicated that individuals with high purpose in life possess greater resilience to brain pathology regarding its impact on cognitive function19,21. Building on these previous observations, the present findings further indicate that individuals with lower protective factors (profile 1) exhibit accelerated atrophy compared to the well-balanced group (profile 3). These areas included posterior temporo-occipital cortical regions previously shown to reflect age-related changes but also partially included within the cortical thinning signature of Alzheimer’s disease22,23. In summary, profile 1 showed the worst cognition in Alzheimer’s disease-sensitive domains, and greater cortical thinning including non-Alzheimer’s and Alzheimer’s-sensitive regions. In addition, compared to profile 3, this group also had a higher LIBRA risk score among middle-aged individuals as well as lower engagement in specific modifiable lifestyles (that is, lower cognitive and social activity) previously associated with relative protection against dementia3. In our study, participants in profile 2 comprised individuals with greater proneness to distress and negative thinking styles, with high loads in brooding, worry and neuroticism. Brooding and worry are core components of repetitive negative thinking, a negative style of thinking previously proposed to be central to the accumulation of cognitive debt24 and associated with accelerated cognitive decline among older adults5. Neuroticism has also been related to higher risk of dementia17,25. Our findings revealed that, in both cohorts, profile 2 individuals exhibited the greatest symptoms of depression, anxiety and loneliness, and worst sleep quality compared with the other profiles. They also had higher memory complaints compared to profile 3. In the middle-aged cohort, profile 2 also had higher overall risk for dementia (LIBRA) compared to profile 3, and lower engagement in cognitively stimulating activities. Hence, factors involving strong subjective and emotional components, all of which have previously been associated with dementia risk3,26,27,28,29,30, appear to be central features of this group. Interestingly, no consistent differences emerged in objective measures of age-related health (for example, cognition, cortical thickness) in this group when compared to individuals within the ‘well-balanced’ profile (profile 3). Previous studies have investigated the relevance of aggregated psychological factors for cognitive decline and dementia risk through a variable-centered approach, for example to identify the most robust subscales or traits that contribute to latent variables defining a given psychological construct, and have shown associations with cognitive status or brain pathology13,31. Our approach differs in that we used a person-centered approach. This approach could be beneficial to help identify groups of individuals who may be at greater risk of age-related decline. First, our findings reveal that having a ‘well-balanced’ psychological profile (profile 3), with moderately high protective and moderately low risk factors is related to better cognitive and mental health across all measured indicators. These associations were observed in middle-aged and older adults, which reinforces the relevance of considering the equilibrium of a broad range of psychological aspects as determinants of mental, cognitive and brain health in adulthood and advanced age. Second, although it is increasingly acknowledged that high distress and depressive symptoms, as well as cognitive or sleep complaints (which are more characteristic of our profile 2), may indicate higher risk for future decline or dementia, evaluations in the clinical context rarely include assessments of protective factors (for example, high purpose in life). However, although individuals that resemble our profile 1 participants may not present with high anxiety/stress-related symptoms or cognitive complaints, they appear to be the closest to having ‘classical dementia risk’ (that is, lower cognitive performance, lower engagement in beneficial lifestyles and greater cortical atrophy). Combined, these findings highlight the importance of conducting comprehensive psychological evaluations, including both assessment of ‘risk’ as well as ‘protective’ factors, when aiming to estimate an individual’s risk profile. The above observations may also have implications for future interventions designed to prevent cognitive impairment and dementia. First, they provide new pathways for more personalized interventions based on the psychological profile of individuals. For example, individuals with profiles compatible with our profile 1 could benefit most from psychological therapies that include (re)-identification of valued behavior and life purposes such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)32, whereas others (for example, meeting criteria for profile 2) may have a better response to therapies directed at reducing distress-related symptoms, which have also recently shown to entail potential benefit33,34. Finally, our findings highlight that psychological profiles are differentially associated with engagement in other modifiable factors and lifestyles previously related to risk or protection for dementia. While accumulating evidence suggests that multidomain interventions that target modifiable factors and lifestyles show greatest promise for prevention35,36, lack of adherence and personalization are still important challenges faced by these approaches. Our findings could enhance preventative intervention initiatives by (1) offering psychological components as potentially modifiable intervention targets, and (2) guiding and deepening personalized interventions tailored for specific groups. From a mechanistic perspective, exploring whether modifying psychological profiles can drive lifestyle change, hence acting as potential intervention enhancers, would be a promising line of investigation. Our study has several limitations that should be considered in further research in the field. First although we included a middle-aged and an older adult sample and the overall results were independently replicated, we only explored longitudinal associations with cognition and brain changes in the former. Second, we did not apply multiple comparisons corrections to our planned pairwise comparisons, as our aim was to uncover potential patterns and relationships rather than validate definitive hypotheses. Although this approach may increase the risk of type I errors, it enables the identification of relationships that warrant further investigation. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further validate these initial findings. Third, despite reporting associations between psychological profiles and cortical atrophy, we did not include specific dementia (in particular, Alzheimer’s disease) biomarkers. Previous studies focusing on specific psychological characteristics have found associations in this regard5,8, so future prospective investigations should be undertaken to investigate whether psychological profiles also reflect these associations. We used domains that were available in both cohorts to generate the psychological profiles, so additional domains that have been reported as psychological risk (for example, pessimism37) or protective factors (for example, mindfulness13) were not captured. Finally, although our person-centered approach has some advantages as described above, it also reflected some apparent inconsistencies regarding the specific psychological feature of self-reflection. Individuals with profile 2 exhibited higher scores in self-reflection, which refers to the active evaluation of thoughts, feelings and behaviors, and has recently been associated with better global cognition and more preserved brain metabolism after adjusting for brooding12. However, self-reflection is also associated with high levels of brooding38, which may explain why in our study it aggregates in this ‘high negative’ profile and is lower in the ‘well-balanced’ one. Future work could examine the unique contribution of ‘self-reflection’ in the profiles. In summary, the present study focusing on psychological profiling has identified two divergent patterns of associations that may suggest two distinct paths for cognitive impairment or dementia risk. A low positive profile, characterized by low purpose in life and lower levels of some personality characteristics (conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion and agreeableness), was related to worse cognition (more clearly observable in older adults), higher brain atrophy (already observable in middle age) and lower engagement in protective lifestyles. A high negative profile, characterized by greater proneness to distress and negative thinking styles, may increase the risk of cognitive impairment/dementia through a psycho-affective pathway, which includes expressing symptoms of depression and anxiety, cognitive complaints, loneliness and poor sleep health. Our findings highlight the need to consider both risk profile patterns when designing future, more personalized preventive strategies. Data were utilized from participants enrolled in two European cohorts: BBHI (https://bbhi.cat/en) and Medit-Ageing (Silver Santé Study (public name): https://silversantestudy.eu/). BBHI is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study that launched in 2017, with the primary aim of investigating the determinants of mental and brain health in healthy middle-aged and older adults. At study commencement, adults aged 40 to 65 years were eligible if they had no neurological or psychiatric disorders, unstable medical diagnoses, or cognitive impairment based on a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment39,40. For the current study, participants with data available on psychological characteristics that matched the ones administered in Medit-Ageing (see below) and who also completed cognitive, brain imaging, lifestyle and/or mental health assessments at baseline were included. BBHI was approved by the Unió Catalana d’Hospitals ethics committee (approval references CEIC 17/06 and CEI 18/07). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Medit-Ageing aims to explore the determinants of mental health and well-being in older adults. It comprises two randomized controlled trials, Age-Well and SCD-Well, with baseline data from these trials utilized in the present study41,42. All Age-Well participants were recruited from the general population, aged 65 years or older, native French speakers, retired for at least one year, and received at least seven years of education, with recruitment beginning in late 2016 and ending in May 201841. In SCD-Well, participants were recruited through memory clinics at four European centers (London, UK; Lyon, France; Cologne, Germany; Barcelona, Spain), met research criteria for subjective cognitive decline (that is, self-perceived decline in cognitive capacity but normal performance on standardized cognitive tests used to classify mild cognitive impairment or prodromal AD43), and were aged 60 or older, with recruitment occurring from March 2017 to January 201842. Participants in Age-Well and SCD-Well had no evidence of major neurological or psychiatric disorders and performed within normal ranges on standardized cognitive tests. Baseline data from both trials were combined to create a single cohort (that is, Medit-Ageing) for the present study. Both trials were approved by local ethics committees (Age-Well: CPP Nord-Ouest III, Caen; EudraCT: 2016-002441-36; IDRCB: 2016-A01767-44; SCD-Well: London, UK (Queen Square Research Ethics Committee: no. 17/LO/0056 and Health Research Authority IRAS project ID: 213008); Lyon, France (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est II Groupement Hospitalier Est: no. 2016-30-1 and Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé: IDRCB 2016-A01298-43); Cologne, Germany (Ethikkommission der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln: no. 17-059); and Barcelona, Spain (Comité Etico de Investigacion Clinica del Hospital Clinic de Barcelona: no. HCB/2017/0062)) and were registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Age-Well, NCT02977819; SCD-Well, NCT03005652). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. In both BBHI and Medit-Ageing, the participants completed self-report questionnaires to assess a range of psychological characteristics. For the current study, the selection of psychological characteristics followed two criteria: first, their relevance was established based on existing evidence indicating their potential impact on cognition, Alzheimer’s disease pathology and/or dementia; second, they needed to be available in both cohorts. Following these criteria, brooding, worry and neuroticism were selected as psychological characteristics associated with heightened risk, whilst purpose in life, conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness and self-reflection were identified as protective psychological characteristics. Supplementary Table 7 provides details on the questionnaires used to measure these characteristics in both cohorts. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed in both cohorts. In BBHI, the ‘depression’ and ‘anxiety’ subscales of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS; possible range 0 to 21) were used44. In Medit-Ageing, depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; possible range 0 to 15)45, and anxiety symptoms examined via the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) trait sub-scale (possible range 20 to 80)46. Anxiety and depression are regarded as distal outcomes as they represent symptoms of clinical conditions, whereas the selected psychological characteristics act as proposed antecedents. For example, although worry is considered the cognitive component of anxiety, empirical evidence supports its distinction as an independent construct. Research suggests a unidirectional relationship between worry and anxiety, with a strong positive effect of worry on anxiety but no effect in the opposite direction47. The PACC5 is a validated global cognitive composite sensitive to detecting and tracking preclinical Alzheimer’s disease-related decline48. It comprises two episodic memory measures and one measure of executive function, semantic memory and global cognition, and allows the flexibility to select specific tests within each domain48. In Medit-Ageing and BBHI, the four-item PACC5abridged was created49, as only one episodic memory measure was available in SCD-Well. PACC5abridged scores were computed separately in each cohort by averaging z-transformed cognitive test scores, with scores only calculable when data were available for all constituent measures. Higher PACC5abridged scores indicate better cognition. Supplementary Table 8 and the Supplementary Methods detail the specific neuropsychological tests included in PACC5abridged and the procedure used to calculate the composite in each cohort. In addition to objective cognition, subjective perception of cognitive health was examined in BBHI and Medit-Ageing using the Neuro-QoL (possible range 12 to 60)50 and McNair Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS; possible range 0 to 156)51, respectively. Higher Neuro-QoL and lower McNair CDS scores indicate greater perceived cognitive difficulties. The late-life LIBRA is a poly-environmental risk score for cognitive functioning and dementia risk52. It typically comprises ten health and lifestyle factors (depression, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical inactivity, renal disease, low-to-moderate alcohol use, high cognitive activity and healthy diet), which receive weights based on their relative risk52. As depressive symptoms are an outcome in the current study and are included as a covariate in sensitivity analyses, a nine-item LIBRA index was derived by removing the depression-weighted score12. To compute the nine-item LIBRA, the weights of the remaining nine factors were summed to yield LIBRA scores (possible range −5.9 to 7.4). Higher LIBRA scores indicate poorer health and lifestyle behaviors. The LIBRA was calculable only in BBHI, because 44.4% of the LIBRA components were assessed differently in the two studies (Age-Well and SCD-Well) comprising Medit-Ageing. This made it infeasible to compute a LIBRA score in Medit-Ageing that was comparable across participants. Supplementary Table 9 contains further details on the risk and protective factors included in the LIBRA in BBHI. In addition to the health and lifestyle factors included in the LIBRA score, loneliness (measured with the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale; possible range 3 to 9)53 and perception of sleep quality (measured in BBHI using the Jenkins scale (possible range 4 to 24)54 and in Medit-Ageing using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (possible range 0 to 21)55) were assessed in both cohorts. In BBHI, social interaction engagement was also examined via the LUBBEN social network scale (LSNS; possible range 0 to 60)56. For the BBHI cohort, MRI images were acquired in a 3T Siemens scanner (MAGNETOM Prisma) with a 32-channel head coil at the Unitat d’Imatge per Ressonància Magnètica IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer) at the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. For all participants, a high-resolution T1-weighted (T1w) structural image was obtained with a magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE) three-dimensional protocol (repetition time (TR) = 2,400 ms, echo time (TE) = 2.22 ms, inversion time = 1,000 ms, field of view (FOV) = 256 mm, 0.8-mm isotropic voxel). Additionally, a high-resolution three-dimensional SPACE T2-weighted (T2w) acquisition was taken (TR = 3,200 ms, TE = 563 ms, flip angle = 120°, 0.8-mm isotropic voxel, FOV = 256 mm). All acquisitions were examined by a senior neuroradiologist to detect any clinically significant pathology. All MRI data were then visually inspected before analysis to ensure that they did not contain artifacts or excessive motion. Individual T1w images for each time point were automatically processed with FreeSurfer version 6.0 (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) to obtain maps of cortical thickness, following a previously described procedure57. The processing stream was run with default parameters, except for the addition of the T2w images for the improvement of pial surfaces reconstruction. All images obtained a high Euler score (that is, 2), indicating that the reconstructions consisted of smooth surfaces, with no holes or handles detected in the pial or the white matter surfaces, at either time point. Next, within-subject template volumes and longitudinal files were created for each participant and time point through the longitudinal stream58. At each step, the results were visually inspected following gross quality-control measures, and no manual editing was performed. The symmetrized percentage change was used as a robust longitudinal measure of cortical thickness, computed as the percentage of change corrected for the average cortical thickness values at each time point. Before statistical analysis, cortical thickness maps were smoothed using a two-dimensional Gaussian kernel of 15-mm full-width at half-maximum. We carried out a vertex-wise one-factor/three-level general linear model provided by FreeSurfer to study profile differences regarding cortical thickness loss (that is, symmetrized percent change). The primary model was adjusted for baseline age, sex and education, with a subsequent model including additional adjustments for symptoms of anxiety and depression. Sensitivity analyses included cognitive change as an additional covariate. Additionally, we obtained longitudinal maps of atrophy for the whole sample. Multiple comparisons correction of whole-brain vertices was performed by computing P values for contiguous clusters of vertices based on Monte-Carlo Null-Z simulations and permutation (with 10,000 iterations per simulation). This method assigns a P value to each resulting cluster. Consequently, we used a cluster-forming threshold of P < 0.05 and a cluster significance threshold of P < 0.05 in all models. In the initial analysis stage, LPA was conducted on the nine psychological characteristics, using data from nine questionnaires at baseline from all participants. Analyses were conducted separately for each cohort (BBHI and Medit-Ageing), enabling a comparative assessment and validation of the profile structures. Various model fit statistics were considered to determine the optimal profile solution. The VLMR-LRT and the bootstrap likelihood ratio test (B-LRT) were performed to identify the best fitting model. Because no prior hypotheses were made regarding the number of profiles that would arise, analyses were conducted starting with a two-profile model and increasing the number of profiles by one until the VLMR-LRT became non-significant. To confirm the K-1 model results, a parametric bootstrap procedure was employed using the B-LRT. This was further supplemented by the evaluation of common fit indices, including the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), sample size-adjusted BIC, and entropy values. The VLMR-LRT and B-LRT tests compare K (current model with K number of profiles) and K – 1 (model with one less profile) models, where a significant P value indicates that the K model provides a better fit compared to the model with one less profile. Conversely, P ≥ 0.05 indicates that the model with one less profile is preferred, as it provides a better fit for the data and is more parsimonious. Lower AIC and BIC values indicate a better fitting model, while higher entropy values suggest higher classification accuracy. In the scenario of multiple possible profile solutions, model interpretability and clinical/theoretical relevance were considered. Furthermore, as a profile-utility criterion, profiles needed to include at least 5% of the total sample. After determining the optimal profile solution within each cohort, participants were assigned to the profile for which they exhibited the highest probability of membership, for use in subsequent analyses. Differences in demographic characteristics (that is, age, sex, education, ethnicity and APOE ε4 genotype) were examined between cohorts and across profiles within cohorts. Of note, a direct comparison of educational attainment between cohorts was not possible due to differences in the assessment methods for education in BBHI and Medit-Ageing. After identifying the optimal profile solution within each cohort, regression models were constructed to explore the cross-sectional associations between psychological profiles and mental, cognitive and brain health, along with other lifestyle-related behaviors linked to dementia risk. For the latter, the components included in the LIBRA composite were analyzed separately as continuous variables when available (instead of the dichotomized version that were used to calculate the composite). These analyses were conducted separately for each outcome and in each cohort independently. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex and education, and in Medit-Ageing, study (that is, Age-Well/SCD-Well) was also included as a covariate. In sensitivity analyses, anxiety and depressive symptoms were included as additional covariates. Associations between psychological profile membership and all outcomes were first evaluated using the anova command in R to determine whether psychological profile membership was related to the selected outcome. Following identification of an association, adjusted planned pairwise comparisons were performed using the emmeans function. To assess cognitive changes across two time points, linear mixed-effects models were fitted, with PACC5abridged as the dependent variable. These models included random intercepts at the subject level and time coded as a dummy variable (that is, visit). Initially, a model was run to investigate general temporal change, representing the overall change in cognition over time regardless of profile group. Subsequently, a separate model was run, introducing a time-by-profile interaction to examine differences in cognitive change (that is, slopes) over time among the three latent profiles. All analyses were adjusted for age at baseline, sex, education and the number of months between the two visits. These analyses were restricted to a BBHI subsample comprising participants who underwent two neuropsychological evaluations. All baseline cross-sectional analyses were conducted again using data from the BBHI subsample with longitudinal data to assess the comparability of findings with the total BBHI sample. Additionally, cross-sectional analyses (that is, regression models) using visit two data were performed, as described above, to explore whether the associations observed between psychological profiles and cognition at baseline were maintained at follow-up. The LPA was performed in Mplus (version 8.3). R (version 4.3.1) was used to conduct all other analyses, including regressions using the lm function, and planned pairwise comparisons using the emmeans package. All statistical tests were two-sided. 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D.B.-F. was funded by grant PID2022-137234OB-100 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ‘ERDF/EU’, a ‘Programa de Estancias de Movilidad en Centros Extrangeros’, a Research Stay Grant (PRX21/00690) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities, and an ICREA Academia 2019 research grant from the Catalan Government. C.G. and J.S.-S. are partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2022-139298OA-C22). L.V.-A. was partially funded by a Margarita Salas Grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Government of Spain (Next Generation EU program) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Sara Borrell Grant CD23/00235). J.G. was supported by a Young Researcher Grant 2019–2022 from the Fondation Alzheimer and Fondation de France. O.K. received funding from the Secrétariat d’État à la Formation, à la Recherche et à l’Innovation (SEFRI) under contract no. 15.0336 in the context of the European project ‘Medit-Ageing’. A list of members and their affiliations appears in the Supplementary Information. These authors contributed equally: David Bartrés-Faz, Harriet Demnitz-King. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain David Bartrés-Faz, María Cabello-Toscano & Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain David Bartrés-Faz, María Cabello-Toscano & Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain David Bartrés-Faz, María Cabello-Toscano, Gabriele Cattaneo, Javier Sánchez-Solana & José M. Tormos Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK Harriet Demnitz-King, Natalie L. Marchant, Marco Schlosser, Zuzana Walker & Tim Whitfield Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau-Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar CORE Data Lab, Centre for Outcomes and Research Effectiveness, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK Rob Saunders UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND ‘Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders’, NeuroPresage Team, GIP Cyceron, Normandie Université, Caen, France Edelweiss Touron, Julie Gonneaud, Gäel Chételat, Claire André, Anne Chocat, Sophie Dautricourt, Marion Delarue, Eglantine Ferrand Devouge, Elizabeth Kuhn, Brigitte Landeau, Valérie Lefranc, Florence Mezenge, Valentin Ourry, Géraldine Poisnel, Anne Quillard & Géraldine Rauchs Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain Gabriele Cattaneo & Javier Sánchez-Solana Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain Gabriele Cattaneo & Javier Sánchez-Solana Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Olga Klimecki Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Olga Klimecki Clinical Psychology, Geneva, Switzerland Olga Klimecki Diagnostic per la Imatge Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Núria Bargalló Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain Núria Bargalló Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain José M. Tormos Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Álvaro Pascual-Leone Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Álvaro Pascual-Leone Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilite, Lyon, France Romain Bachelet & Karine Goldet Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Sebastian Baez Lugo & Patrik Vuilleumier GIGA-CRC in Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Fabienne Collette Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Fabienne Collette Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Brussels, Belgium Fabienne Collette Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain Nina Coll-Padros & José Luis Molinuevo Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France Vincent De La Sayette & Valentin Ourry Service de Neurologie, CHU de Caen, Caen, France Vincent De La Sayette Department of General Practice, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France Eglantine Ferrand Devouge Rouen University Hospital, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Centre de Ressources Biologiques (CIC-CRB) 1404, Rouen, France Eglantine Ferrand Devouge EUCLID/F-CRIN Clinical Trials Platform, Bordeaux Population Health Center, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Eric Frison Service d’Information Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Eric Frison Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Frank Jessen, Dix Meiberth & Ann-Katrin Schild German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany Frank Jessen Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Frank Jessen Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut du Vieillissement, CRC Vieillissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, Lyon, France Pierre Krolak-Salmon Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028, Lyon University, Lyon, France Antoine Lutz Haute Autorité de Santé, Saint-Denis, France Laurence Michel Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBER FES), Madrid, Spain José Luis Molinuevo Inserm UMR-S U1237, GIP Cyceron, Université de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France Géraldine Poisnel & Géraldine Rauchs Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Physics, Cyclotron Research Center, University Hospital of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Eric Salmon Carré International, Bonn, Germany Corinne Schimmer Inserm Transfert, Paris, France Delphine Smagghe Minerva Health & Care Communications Ltd, Andover, UK Rhonda Smith Geneva School of Social Sciences, and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Marco Schlosser Institut de Santé Publique, d’Epidémiologie et de Développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Cédrick Wallet CIC-EC1401/EUCLID, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bordeaux, France Cédrick Wallet Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, UK Zuzana Walker German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany Miranka Wirth You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMedGoogle Scholar N.L.M., H.D.-K. and D.B.-F. conceptualized the work and developed the methodology. H.D.-K., M.C.-T., R.S. and L.V.-A. carried out formal statistical analyses. N.L.M., D.B.-F., G. Chételat and A.P.-L. supervised the work. E.T., G. Cattaneo, J.G., O.K., N.B., J.S.-S. and J.M.T. contributed to data collection, writing or reviewing, and approving the submitted version of the manuscript. Correspondence to David Bartrés-Faz or Natalie L. Marchant. O.K. has received honoraria for research, training and consulting related to meditation. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Nature Mental Health thanks Luca Cuffaro, Helmet T. Karim and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary Tables 1–9, figure and methods. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Reprints and permissions Bartrés-Faz, D., Demnitz-King, H., Cabello-Toscano, M. et al. Psychological profiles associated with mental, cognitive and brain health in middle-aged and older adults. Nat. Mental Health (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00361-8 Download citation Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00361-8 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
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